{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313071739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3228571","title":"Multiple Objects Automatic Detection of GPR Data Based on the AC-EWV and Genetic Algorithm","display_name":"Multiple Objects Automatic Detection of GPR Data Based on the AC-EWV and Genetic Algorithm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313071739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3228571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3228571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3228571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087278116","display_name":"Guangyan Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-2616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyan Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-2616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059436630","display_name":"Jie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3305-7105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3305-7105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100372550","display_name":"Yanhui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-7306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Research Center of Urban Traffic Information Sensing and Service Technology, Research and Development Center of Transport Industry of Technologies and Equipment of Urban Rail Operation Safety Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-7306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Research Center of Urban Traffic Information Sensing and Service Technology, Research and Development Center of Transport Industry of Technologies and Equipment of Urban Rail Operation Safety Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102491026","display_name":"Shengsheng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengsheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71798294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.898100733757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperbola","display_name":"Hyperbola","score":0.8886810541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5266090631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5163868069648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.47283726930618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45411184430122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.43044567108154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.427068829536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3679817318916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2586780786514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.16418248414993286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.898100733757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145050668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165301","display_name":"Hyperbola","level":2,"score":0.8886810541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5266090631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5163868069648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.47283726930618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45411184430122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.43044567108154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.427068829536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3679817318916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2586780786514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.16418248414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3228571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3228571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7888645871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCS2021ZZ003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323066","funder_display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323066","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126745105","https://openalex.org/W189982749","https://openalex.org/W1970369518","https://openalex.org/W1978204162","https://openalex.org/W2012894388","https://openalex.org/W2022799185","https://openalex.org/W2047805790","https://openalex.org/W2090707629","https://openalex.org/W2094856141","https://openalex.org/W2102921232","https://openalex.org/W2130075347","https://openalex.org/W2138489340","https://openalex.org/W2146348617","https://openalex.org/W2146761849","https://openalex.org/W2147613845","https://openalex.org/W2171370898","https://openalex.org/W2326730679","https://openalex.org/W2400808542","https://openalex.org/W2593860915","https://openalex.org/W2597464784","https://openalex.org/W2617720975","https://openalex.org/W2621985475","https://openalex.org/W2741056591","https://openalex.org/W2741147581","https://openalex.org/W2766740553","https://openalex.org/W2790327408","https://openalex.org/W2793779484","https://openalex.org/W2794183852","https://openalex.org/W2800538892","https://openalex.org/W2811199783","https://openalex.org/W2894848537","https://openalex.org/W2897109612","https://openalex.org/W2934494886","https://openalex.org/W2955333808","https://openalex.org/W2972978119","https://openalex.org/W2979658372","https://openalex.org/W3001315546","https://openalex.org/W3003588722","https://openalex.org/W3010776556","https://openalex.org/W3013875977","https://openalex.org/W3014608870","https://openalex.org/W3034147267","https://openalex.org/W3047966612","https://openalex.org/W3096057776","https://openalex.org/W3114741183","https://openalex.org/W3119622082","https://openalex.org/W3156183724","https://openalex.org/W3192673362","https://openalex.org/W3213402681","https://openalex.org/W4224436822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952501805","https://openalex.org/W2895241666","https://openalex.org/W2377795586","https://openalex.org/W2803739483","https://openalex.org/W3022534700","https://openalex.org/W3012757833","https://openalex.org/W4252478876","https://openalex.org/W2328120466","https://openalex.org/W2392793159","https://openalex.org/W2788869335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92],"automatic":[1],"detection":[2],"of":[3,20,28,42,56,65,167],"multiple":[4],"objects":[5,107],"in":[6,103],"ground":[7],"penetrating":[8],"radar":[9],"(GPR)":[10],"data":[11,129,166],"is":[12,47,83,96,121,153,171],"investigated":[13],"by":[14,49],"searching":[15,50],"for":[16,51,164],"the":[17,26,39,52,71,75,81,86,90,99,104,117,124,141,149,160,168],"reflected":[18],"hyperbolas":[19,67],"buried":[21],"objects,":[22],"which":[23],"can":[24],"reduce":[25],"subjectivity":[27],"operators":[29],"and":[30,106,116,126,133,135,148,156,159],"improve":[31],"identification":[32],"accuracy.":[33],"Based":[34],"on":[35],"Frequency-wavenumber":[36],"(F-K)":[37],"migration,":[38],"accurate":[40],"calculation":[41],"electromagnetic":[43],"wave":[44],"velocity":[45],"(AC-EWV)":[46],"proposed":[48],"minimum":[53],"image":[54],"entropy":[55],"migrated":[57],"radargrams.":[58],"To":[59],"avoid":[60],"global":[61],"searching,":[62,79],"potential":[63,87],"positions":[64],"object":[66],"are":[68,108],"selected":[69],"from":[70],"binarized":[72],"radargram":[73],"through":[74],"vertical":[76],"gray":[77],"gradient":[78],"then":[80],"sub_window":[82],"extracted":[84],"with":[85,98,111,123],"position":[88],"as":[89],"center.":[91],"best":[93],"fitting":[94],"hyperbola":[95],"detected":[97],"genetic":[100],"algorithm":[101],"(GA)":[102],"sub_window,":[105],"finally":[109],"determined":[110],"five":[112],"hyperbolic":[113],"matching":[114],"criteria":[115],"auto-categorization.":[118],"This":[119],"technique":[120],"verified":[122],"simulated":[125],"measured":[127],"GPR":[128,165],"about":[130],"rebars,":[131],"pipelines,":[132],"voids,":[134],"results":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"that":[138],"it":[139],"achieves":[140],"average":[142,145,150,161],"correct":[143,162],"rate,":[144,147],"missed":[146],"misjudged":[151],"rate":[152,163],"98.46%,":[154],"1.33%,":[155],"0.36%,":[157],"respectively,":[158],"double-layer":[169],"rebars":[170],"91.67%.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}