{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312875177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","title":"Ellipse Encoding for Arbitrary-Oriented SAR Ship Detection Based on Dynamic Key Points","display_name":"Ellipse Encoding for Arbitrary-Oriented SAR Ship Detection Based on Dynamic Key Points","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312875177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085382296","display_name":"Fei Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-0812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075633451","display_name":"Yiyang Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3216-2421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyang Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778202","display_name":"Jinping Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7184-5057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinping Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052398189","display_name":"Tao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0738-425X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, Xinzhou, China","Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, Kelan, Xinzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, Xinzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, Kelan, Xinzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062211930","display_name":"Amir Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber and Big Data Research Laboratory, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","Cyber and Big Data Research Laboratory, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber and Big Data Research Laboratory, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber and Big Data Research Laboratory, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066119228","display_name":"Huiyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-9840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085382296"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4696,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97845033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipse","display_name":"Ellipse","score":0.7589784860610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6989221572875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.6848464012145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6193802356719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49568045139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4635353088378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.44799771904945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.43908369541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hough-transform","display_name":"Hough transform","score":0.4389435052871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41992253065109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.317266583442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.22673049569129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17757943272590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14600589871406555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.7589784860610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6989221572875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.6848464012145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6193802356719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49568045139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4635353088378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.44799771904945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.43908369541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200518788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195076","display_name":"Hough transform","level":3,"score":0.4389435052871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41992253065109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.317266583442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.22673049569129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17757943272590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14600589871406555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/21656669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Ellipse_encoding_for_arbitrary-oriented_SAR_ship_detection_based_on_dynamic_key_points/21656669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3227260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1504366969","display_name":"Natural Language Generation for Low-resource Domains","funder_award_id":"EP/T024917/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2193117753","display_name":"COG-MHEAR: Towards cognitively-inspired 5G-IoT enabled, multi-modal Hearing Aids","funder_award_id":"EP/T021063/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2447866707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T021063/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3399786015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Ref EP/M026981/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4749791213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61071139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4769349813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M026981/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5524279325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6741951271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T024917/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7271086811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA160342","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1965994672","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2165616753","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2607714468","https://openalex.org/W2725486421","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2889346359","https://openalex.org/W2919011445","https://openalex.org/W2922891743","https://openalex.org/W2928870406","https://openalex.org/W2949058942","https://openalex.org/W2955454611","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962876901","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2982363097","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2982932271","https://openalex.org/W2991359031","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3015331846","https://openalex.org/W3016975790","https://openalex.org/W3017373943","https://openalex.org/W3049361954","https://openalex.org/W3093319256","https://openalex.org/W3097983326","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3109055651","https://openalex.org/W3119027652","https://openalex.org/W3122893743","https://openalex.org/W3140922383","https://openalex.org/W3174389852","https://openalex.org/W3174873843","https://openalex.org/W3177105943","https://openalex.org/W3197704289","https://openalex.org/W3200733355","https://openalex.org/W3208019692","https://openalex.org/W4205338556","https://openalex.org/W4205652744","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4288325606","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4404090460","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6697925102","https://openalex.org/W6739844568","https://openalex.org/W6753494528","https://openalex.org/W6760424586","https://openalex.org/W6764322716","https://openalex.org/W6766860876","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6788870397","https://openalex.org/W6874182738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2248202737","https://openalex.org/W2350811523","https://openalex.org/W2349951833","https://openalex.org/W2084226224","https://openalex.org/W810838643","https://openalex.org/W2008190535","https://openalex.org/W2026914768","https://openalex.org/W2034186176","https://openalex.org/W2077039559","https://openalex.org/W2141994323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,49,123],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"there":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"growing":[6],"interest":[7],"in":[8,22,151,199],"developing":[9],"oriented":[10],"bounding-box":[11],"(OBB)":[12],"based":[13],"deep":[14],"learning":[15],"approaches":[16],"to":[17,63,141,215],"detect":[18],"arbitrary-oriented":[19],"ship":[20,72,76,165,211],"targets":[21],"synthetic":[23],"aperture":[24],"radar":[25],"(SAR)":[26],"images.":[27],"However,":[28],"most":[29],"existing":[30],"OBB-based":[31,56,218],"detection":[32,57,213,235],"methods":[33],"suffer":[34],"from":[35],"boundary":[36,118],"discontinuity":[37,119],"problems":[38],"for":[39,210],"bounding":[40],"box":[41],"angle":[42,107],"prediction":[43],"and":[44,68,100,109,132,194,228],"key":[45,95],"point":[46],"regression":[47],"challenges.":[48],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,125],"present":[53],"a":[54,89,133],"novel":[55],"algorithm":[58],"that":[59,85,223],"utilizes":[60],"ellipse":[61,84],"encoding":[62],"effectively":[64],"exploit":[65],"the":[66,75,98,105,110,113,117,144,158,168,172,186,204,233],"geometric":[67],"scattering":[69],"properties":[70],"of":[71,91,116,146,174,207],"targets.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"contour":[77],"is":[78,86,121],"fitted":[79],"by":[80],"an":[81,127],"OBB":[82],"inscribed":[83],"encoded":[87],"as":[88],"set":[90],"distances":[92],"between":[93,163],"dynamic":[94],"points":[96],"on":[97,185],"bow":[99,106],"target":[101,175,212],"center.":[102],"By":[103],"combining":[104],"interval":[108],"decoding":[111],"process,":[112],"negative":[114],"impact":[115],"problem":[120,173],"avoided.":[122],"addition,":[124],"propose":[126],"elliptical":[128,224],"Gaussian":[129,225],"distribution":[130,226],"heatmap":[131,227],"pooling":[134],"strategy":[135],"termed":[136],"double":[137],"peaks":[138],"max-pooling":[139],"(DPM),":[140],"deal":[142],"with":[143],"challenge":[145],"separating":[147],"densely":[148],"distributed":[149],"ships":[150],"inshore":[152,234],"scenes.":[153],"The":[154],"former":[155],"can":[156,170,230],"enhance":[157],"heatmap\u2019s":[159],"ship-side":[160],"score":[161],"gap":[162],"neighboring":[164],"targets,":[166],"while":[167],"latter":[169],"solve":[171],"center":[176],"responses":[177],"being":[178],"suppressed":[179],"after":[180],"max-pooling.":[181],"Simulation":[182],"experiments":[183,221],"conducted":[184],"benchmark":[187],"Rotating":[188],"SAR":[189,200],"Ship":[190,196],"Detection":[191,197],"Dataset":[192,198],"(RSSDD)":[193],"Rotated":[195],"Images":[201],"(RSDD-SAR)":[202],"demonstrate":[203],"superior":[205],"performance":[206],"our":[208],"method":[209],"compared":[214],"several":[216],"state-of-the-art":[217],"algorithms.":[219],"Ablation":[220],"show":[222],"DPM":[229],"further":[231],"improve":[232],"performance.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}