{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312802477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3225410","title":"Dual Empirical Orthogonal Functions Restrained Tomographic Model for Ionosphere Imaging","display_name":"Dual Empirical Orthogonal Functions Restrained Tomographic Model for Ionosphere Imaging","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312802477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3225410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3225410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3225410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086146832","display_name":"Jieqing Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5900-0000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jieqing Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016958134","display_name":"Yanyu Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026695452","display_name":"Yuchen Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043341642","display_name":"Haoyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5536-8978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043519024","display_name":"Yingqi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingqi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090637514","display_name":"Lixin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5860-3371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100570078","display_name":"Yaqin Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086146832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7522,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73443181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-orthogonal-functions","display_name":"Empirical orthogonal functions","score":0.7086237072944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6375613808631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4812995493412018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4766072630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4628564119338989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.46273693442344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.44933152198791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.42726555466651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3762398958206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34998953342437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22189080715179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1947699785232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1782030165195465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16958066821098328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13724139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042818","display_name":"Empirical orthogonal functions","level":2,"score":0.7086237072944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6375613808631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4812995493412018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4766072630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4628564119338989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.46273693442344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44933152198791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42726555466651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3762398958206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34998953342437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22189080715179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1947699785232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1782030165195465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16958066821098328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3225410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3225410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4024668814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0119600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7476248230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771416","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487659820","https://openalex.org/W1525431606","https://openalex.org/W1539887494","https://openalex.org/W1607407460","https://openalex.org/W1740333405","https://openalex.org/W1990863308","https://openalex.org/W1998983070","https://openalex.org/W2029411841","https://openalex.org/W2039832128","https://openalex.org/W2044922933","https://openalex.org/W2052547154","https://openalex.org/W2058333419","https://openalex.org/W2060157039","https://openalex.org/W2061390890","https://openalex.org/W2076050308","https://openalex.org/W2085101070","https://openalex.org/W2108698702","https://openalex.org/W2112442791","https://openalex.org/W2130129191","https://openalex.org/W2135397225","https://openalex.org/W2157403944","https://openalex.org/W2278016148","https://openalex.org/W2287072538","https://openalex.org/W2293919115","https://openalex.org/W2294569936","https://openalex.org/W2340314754","https://openalex.org/W2342393718","https://openalex.org/W2463081686","https://openalex.org/W2551648724","https://openalex.org/W2588010295","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2602891109","https://openalex.org/W2768017848","https://openalex.org/W2782919648","https://openalex.org/W2796129686","https://openalex.org/W2802049087","https://openalex.org/W2807667066","https://openalex.org/W2888576504","https://openalex.org/W2957162079","https://openalex.org/W3014127724","https://openalex.org/W3021060510","https://openalex.org/W3088144198","https://openalex.org/W3095583967","https://openalex.org/W3095700535","https://openalex.org/W3162584814","https://openalex.org/W3193636589","https://openalex.org/W3197757747","https://openalex.org/W4200266784","https://openalex.org/W4220817028","https://openalex.org/W6733711836"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282946448","https://openalex.org/W2020736459","https://openalex.org/W2088042962","https://openalex.org/W2037760039","https://openalex.org/W2084871150","https://openalex.org/W2547515592","https://openalex.org/W2281366115","https://openalex.org/W2059480819","https://openalex.org/W2144853430","https://openalex.org/W2339049656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extra":[0],"constraints":[1,19,72],"are":[2,109,129,172,226],"always":[3],"brought":[4],"into":[5],"an":[6,57,156],"ionosphere":[7],"tomographic":[8,62,75,80],"model":[9,81],"to":[10,174],"strengthen":[11],"its":[12],"robustness.":[13],"However,":[14],"existent":[15],"models":[16],"using":[17,65],"the":[18,26,35,61,68,74,114,133,136,139,147,167,176,182,186,194,223,235],"either":[20],"show":[21,190],"a":[22,31,43,53,77,87,92,101,105,125],"weak":[23],"restriction,":[24,33],"amplifying":[25],"model\u2019s":[27,36],"uncertainties,":[28],"or":[29],"demonstrate":[30],"strong":[32],"decreasing":[34],"flexibility.":[37],"Empirical":[38],"Orthogonal":[39],"Function":[40],"(EOF),":[41],"as":[42,67,234],"kind":[44],"of":[45,73,135,138,149,199],"basis":[46],"function":[47],"and":[48,70,99,104,117,152,178,185,209,230],"generally":[49],"being":[50],"extracted":[51],"from":[52],"prior":[54],"dataset,":[55],"is":[56,83,96,164],"ideal":[58],"constraint":[59,103],"for":[60],"model.":[63,188],"By":[64],"EOFs":[66,123],"vertical":[69,102,116,200,210],"slant":[71,106,118,140],"model,":[76],"dual-EOFs":[78],"restrained":[79],"(DERT)":[82],"proposed.":[84],"In":[85],"DERT,":[86],"smooth":[88],"constraint,":[89,107],"conducted":[90,173],"by":[91,112],"moving":[93,150],"window":[94,151],"process,":[95],"firstly":[97],"imposed,":[98],"then":[100],"which":[108],"carried":[110],"out":[111],"fitting":[113],"estimated":[115],"profiles":[119],"with":[120,181],"their":[121],"dominant":[122],"via":[124],"least":[126,153],"square":[127,154,218],"method,":[128],"appended.":[130],"To":[131],"reduce":[132],"impacts":[134],"errors":[137,219],"total":[141,211],"electron":[142,212],"content":[143,213],"(STEC)":[144],"measurements":[145],"on":[146],"processes":[148],"fit,":[155],"algorithm":[157],"that":[158,191],"can":[159],"reject":[160],"abnormal":[161],"STEC":[162,207],"values":[163],"employed":[165],"before":[166],"two":[168],"processes.":[169],"Validations":[170],"Tests":[171],"validate":[175],"DERT":[177,192],"compare":[179],"it":[180],"Slepian":[183,224],"method":[184,225],"IRI-2016":[187],"Results":[189],"outperforms":[193],"reference":[195],"methods":[196],"in":[197],"aspects":[198],"profiles,":[201],"F2":[202],"layer":[203],"peak":[204],"density":[205],"(foF2),":[206],"measurement":[208],"(VTEC).":[214],"The":[215],"root":[216],"mean":[217],"(RMSE)":[220],"improvements":[221],"over":[222],"14.17%,":[227],"0.47%,":[228],"16.24%":[229],"40.46%":[231],"(IGS":[232],"map":[233],"truth),":[236],"respectively.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}