{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312709397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3222991","title":"A Novel Method for Hidden Natural Caves Characterization and Accessibility Assessment From Spaceborne VHR SAR Images","display_name":"A Novel Method for Hidden Natural Caves Characterization and Accessibility Assessment From Spaceborne VHR SAR Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312709397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3222991"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3222991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3222991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044918784","display_name":"Leonardo Carrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4599-7900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Carrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4599-7900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019769453","display_name":"Davide Castelletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-8976"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Castelletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Capella Space Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-8976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Capella Space Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021873097","display_name":"Riccardo Pozzobon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9183-645X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159647","display_name":"Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3y3f62","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159647","https://openalex.org/I875825670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875825670","display_name":"National Institute for Astrophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gh4kt33","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875825670"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Pozzobon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy","Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica--Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (INAF-OAPD), Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica--Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (INAF-OAPD), Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159647","https://openalex.org/I875825670","https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069271932","display_name":"Francesco Sauro","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Sauro","raw_affiliation_strings":["La Venta Geographic Exploration APS, Treviso, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Venta Geographic Exploration APS, Treviso, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006095323","display_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-459X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-459X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044918784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5765,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97812233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skylight","display_name":"Skylight","score":0.8110580444335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cave","display_name":"Cave","score":0.7770322561264038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7616199254989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6660892367362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5595803260803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.44109079241752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation","display_name":"Earth observation","score":0.4286547005176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.42838892340660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3888595998287201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-science","display_name":"Earth science","score":0.34605103731155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.1884862780570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1874171495437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.13291198015213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07332634925842285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780574069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712955","display_name":"Skylight","level":2,"score":0.8110580444335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171878925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35509","display_name":"Cave","level":2,"score":0.7770322561264038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7616199254989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6660892367362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5595803260803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.44109079241752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.4286547005176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.42838892340660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3888595998287201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.34605103731155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.1884862780570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1874171495437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.13291198015213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07332634925842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3222991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3222991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:kip_articles-11339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/kip_articles/10339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"KIP Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/362863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/362863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3478860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3478860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2547060678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-23-HH.0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322256","funder_display_name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322256","display_name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/034zgem50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600455797","https://openalex.org/W1978395515","https://openalex.org/W1984369085","https://openalex.org/W1989603283","https://openalex.org/W2016576289","https://openalex.org/W2051184331","https://openalex.org/W2066015174","https://openalex.org/W2112024307","https://openalex.org/W2146059010","https://openalex.org/W2336466177","https://openalex.org/W2766698650","https://openalex.org/W2772205184","https://openalex.org/W2774105820","https://openalex.org/W2791628640","https://openalex.org/W2902718037","https://openalex.org/W2916207499","https://openalex.org/W2940831726","https://openalex.org/W2952531299","https://openalex.org/W2952630004","https://openalex.org/W2998081629","https://openalex.org/W3043614448","https://openalex.org/W3094643344","https://openalex.org/W3099273841","https://openalex.org/W3132507052","https://openalex.org/W3139468736","https://openalex.org/W3156776101","https://openalex.org/W3177961353","https://openalex.org/W3217337848","https://openalex.org/W4233389052","https://openalex.org/W4244710344","https://openalex.org/W6772849731","https://openalex.org/W6775635129","https://openalex.org/W6796099860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545123933","https://openalex.org/W2585813813","https://openalex.org/W3110962985","https://openalex.org/W2042726296","https://openalex.org/W2081203575","https://openalex.org/W2096748030","https://openalex.org/W3016428515","https://openalex.org/W2160730947","https://openalex.org/W2747205507","https://openalex.org/W2887270943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Caves":[0],"are":[1,13,38,55,65],"one":[2],"of":[3,7,29,43,47,75,146,188,219,233],"the":[4,44,76,80,144,163,179,217,231],"last":[5],"frontiers":[6],"human":[8,34],"exploration":[9,37,225],"on":[10,68,123,240],"Earth.":[11,77],"They":[12],"very":[14,69,91,124],"relevant":[15,214],"scientific":[16],"targets":[17],"as":[18,62,245],"they":[19],"host":[20],"significant":[21],"biodiversity":[22],"and":[23,71,85,140,183,196,205,223],"unique":[24],"geologic":[25],"formations.":[26],"The":[27,170,210],"presence":[28],"underground":[30],"passages":[31],"accessible":[32,237],"for":[33,59,216],"or":[35,105],"robotic":[36],"revealed":[39],"by":[40,161],"localized":[41],"collapse":[42],"near-surface":[45],"ceiling":[46],"a":[48,56,96,102,109,120,147,186],"cave":[49,103,199,235],"system":[50],"(skylight).":[51],"Remote":[52],"sensing":[53,83],"systems":[54,200,236],"valuable":[57],"tool":[58],"skylights":[60,239],"detection":[61],"these":[63],"features":[64],"often":[66,72],"located":[67,201],"remote":[70,82],"inaccessible":[73],"regions":[74],"However,":[78],"with":[79,112],"available":[81],"techniques":[84],"data":[86,156],"analysis":[87],"methodologies,":[88],"it":[89,106],"is":[90,98],"difficult":[92],"to":[93,101,134],"determine":[94],"whether":[95],"skylight":[97],"providing":[99],"access":[100],"continuation":[104],"represents":[107],"only":[108],"closed":[110],"depression":[111],"no":[113],"extensions.":[114],"In":[115],"this":[116],"article":[117],"we":[118,153],"propose":[119],"methodology,":[121,152],"based":[122],"high-resolution":[125],"(VHR)":[126],"orbital":[127],"synthetic":[128],"aperture":[129],"radar":[130,155,168],"(SAR)":[131],"imaging":[132,229],"systems,":[133],"estimate":[135],"both":[136],"caves":[137,180],"geometric":[138,181],"characteristics":[139,182],"accessibility":[141,184],"information":[142],"in":[143],"proximity":[145],"skylight.":[148],"To":[149],"test":[150],"our":[151,175],"acquired":[154],"over":[157],"different":[158],"Earth\u2019s":[159],"location":[160],"exploiting":[162],"Capella":[164],"Space":[165],"X-band":[166],"microsatellite":[167],"constellation.":[169],"experimental":[171],"results":[172],"show":[173],"that":[174],"methodology":[176],"effectively":[177],"determines":[178],"under":[185],"variety":[187],"surface":[189],"conditions.":[190],"We":[191],"also":[192],"detected":[193],"several":[194],"unknown":[195],"unexplored":[197],"large":[198],"near":[202],"Volcan":[203],"Wolf":[204],"Ecuador,":[206],"Isla":[207],"Isabela,":[208],"Galapagos.":[209],"presented":[211],"work":[212],"has":[213],"implications":[215],"field":[218],"geological":[220],"studies,":[221],"ecology,":[222],"space":[224],"research":[226],"since":[227],"optical":[228],"shows":[230],"evidence":[232],"potential":[234],"from":[238],"other":[241],"planetary":[242],"bodies":[243],"such":[244],"Mars.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-01-05T00:00:00"}
