{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313068818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3214147","title":"Ice Thickness From Deep Learning and Conditional Random Fields: Application to Ice-Penetrating Radar Data With Radiometric Validation","display_name":"Ice Thickness From Deep Learning and Conditional Random Fields: Application to Ice-Penetrating Radar Data With Radiometric Validation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313068818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3214147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3214147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3214147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053125563","display_name":"Miguel Liu-Schiaffini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9685-8383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Liu-Schiaffini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","California Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9685-8383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065584774","display_name":"Gregory Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-0211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386791","display_name":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj73d18","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-0211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309","https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074885112","display_name":"C. Grima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-3055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386791","display_name":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj73d18","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyril Grima","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-3055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309","https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011873399","display_name":"D. A. Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6866-8176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386791","display_name":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj73d18","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6866-8176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309","https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92498818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometric-dating","display_name":"Radiometric dating","score":0.7425278425216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6566466093063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.5678479075431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5292893052101135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5048466324806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4932238459587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometry","display_name":"Radiometry","score":0.48344263434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.32113122940063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29676055908203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08316159248352051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170187044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214753","display_name":"Radiometric dating","level":2,"score":0.7425278425216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6566466093063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.5678479075431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5292893052101135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5048466324806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4932238459587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.48344263434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.32113122940063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29676055908203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08316159248352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3214147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3214147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:117888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/117888/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2880028969","display_name":"Airborne Geophysical Survey of the Amundsen Sea Embayment, Antarctica (AGASEA)","funder_award_id":"0230197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G353909658","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Southern Plateau Ice-sheet Characterization and Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate (SPICECAP)","funder_award_id":"1443690","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4893399936","display_name":"Collaborative Research: EarthCube Capabilities: Open Polar Radar (OPoRa) Software and Service","funder_award_id":"2127606","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5475877978","display_name":"IPY Research: Investigating the Cryospheric Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate (ICECAP)","funder_award_id":"0733025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7128409695","display_name":"East Antarctic Grounding Line Experiment (EAGLE)","funder_award_id":"1543452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306540","display_name":"G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02j9g7j58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334979","display_name":"Australian Antarctic Division","ror":"https://ror.org/05e89k615"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1566331039","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1966864230","https://openalex.org/W1978162181","https://openalex.org/W1983793736","https://openalex.org/W2013624894","https://openalex.org/W2015620244","https://openalex.org/W2048314822","https://openalex.org/W2051825079","https://openalex.org/W2094935325","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2109934387","https://openalex.org/W2114509411","https://openalex.org/W2145316937","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2171394601","https://openalex.org/W2180940376","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2301358467","https://openalex.org/W2314101899","https://openalex.org/W2322480645","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2499101065","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2622542886","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2771124624","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2901727108","https://openalex.org/W2914878049","https://openalex.org/W2964046962","https://openalex.org/W3016061536","https://openalex.org/W3022640406","https://openalex.org/W3035190581","https://openalex.org/W3147262955","https://openalex.org/W3184998487","https://openalex.org/W3205150203","https://openalex.org/W3209872747","https://openalex.org/W3211874878","https://openalex.org/W4205488382","https://openalex.org/W4285184058","https://openalex.org/W4394057004","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6632618830","https://openalex.org/W6633058423","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6683277684","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6729809565","https://openalex.org/W6745842894","https://openalex.org/W6804274673","https://openalex.org/W6806419673","https://openalex.org/W7038994942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043581185","https://openalex.org/W3112266402","https://openalex.org/W2055439495","https://openalex.org/W2499675453","https://openalex.org/W3009062694","https://openalex.org/W4251278052","https://openalex.org/W3047498193","https://openalex.org/W146968608","https://openalex.org/W2620680451","https://openalex.org/W4313855562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"the":[1,4,47,50,106,122,126,130,143,189,198,203,211,221,227,243,246],"location":[2],"of":[3,7,18,49,125,171,229,245],"ice-bedrock":[5],"interface":[6],"glaciers":[8],"and":[9,30,38,82,93,161,195,237],"ice":[10,32,36,51,90,127],"sheets":[11],"is":[12,185,208,217],"crucial":[13],"for":[14,24,192],"a":[15,72,149,172],"wide":[16],"range":[17,228],"geophysical":[19,151,230],"applications,":[20,194],"such":[21],"as":[22,186,188],"searching":[23],"liquid":[25],"water":[26],"in":[27,201,226],"basal":[28,97,247],"regions":[29],"computing":[31],"thickness":[33],"to":[34,45,65,88,115,136,164],"quantify":[35],"sheet":[37],"glacier":[39],"mass":[40],"balance.":[41],"Simple,":[42],"record-by-record,":[43],"approaches":[44],"detecting":[46],"bottom":[48],"echo":[52,155],"may":[53],"be":[54,235],"affected":[55],"by":[56],"spurious":[57],"off-nadir":[58],"noise":[59],"that":[60,179],"requires":[61],"significant":[62],"manual":[63,190,199,223],"interaction":[64],"correct.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68,101,116],"paper,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"deep":[73,109],"learning":[74,110],"model":[75,184],"based":[76],"on":[77,103],"convolutional":[78],"neural":[79],"networks":[80],"(CNNs)":[81],"continuous":[83,205],"conditional":[84],"random":[85],"fields":[86],"(CCRFs)":[87],"automate":[89],"bed":[91],"identification":[92],"better":[94,137,240],"capture":[95],"fine-grained":[96],"detail.":[98],"We":[99,146],"deploy":[100],"approach":[102,191,216],"HiCARS":[104],"radargrams,":[105],"first":[107,204],"time":[108],"methods":[111],"have":[112],"been":[113],"applied":[114],"dataset.":[117],"Intuitively,":[118],"our":[119,166,180,215],"CNN":[120,134,181],"captures":[121],"global":[123],"geometry":[124],"bed,":[128],"while":[129],"CCRF":[131,183],"adjusts":[132],"initial":[133],"outputs":[135,168],"incorporate":[138],"fine-scale":[139],"spatial":[140],"information":[141],"into":[142],"final":[144],"prediction.":[145],"also":[147],"develop":[148],"coherent":[150],"framework":[152],"using":[153],"three":[154],"characters":[156],"(along-track":[157],"continuity,":[158],"relative":[159],"delay,":[160],"signal":[162],"coherency)":[163],"compare":[165],"model\u2019s":[167],"with":[169],"those":[170],"manually":[173],"targeted":[174],"approach.":[175],"Our":[176],"analysis":[177],"suggests":[178],"+":[182],"suitable":[187],"radiometric":[193],"it":[196,233,238],"outperforms":[197],"technique":[200],"identifying":[202],"return,":[206],"which":[207],"most":[209],"often":[210],"near-nadir":[212],"reflection.":[213],"Thus,":[214],"more":[218],"universal":[219],"than":[220],"current":[222],"labeling":[224],"methodology":[225],"applications":[231],"where":[232],"can":[234],"used,":[236],"provides":[239],"confidence":[241],"regarding":[242],"source":[244],"return":[248],"detected.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}