{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297310210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3209932","title":"Unsupervised Deep Learning for Single-Channel Earthquake Data Denoising and Its Applications in Event Detection and Fully Automatic Location","display_name":"Unsupervised Deep Learning for Single-Channel Earthquake Data Denoising and Its Applications in Event Detection and Fully Automatic Location","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297310210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3209932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3209932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3209932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059397010","display_name":"Omar M. Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112040","display_name":"National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01cb2rv04","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112040"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omar M. Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seismology Department, ENSN Laboratory, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan, Cairo, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seismology Department, ENSN Laboratory, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034503474","display_name":"Yunfeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-0021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288783943","display_name":"Bureau of Economic Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/03b17a012","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052972","display_name":"Alexandros Savvaidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6373-5256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288783943","display_name":"Bureau of Economic Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/03b17a012","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Savvaidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042175903","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-964X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China","Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112556437","display_name":"Fangxue Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangxue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019972279","display_name":"Yangkang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-4261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288783943","display_name":"Bureau of Economic Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/03b17a012","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangkang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288783943","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059397010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112040"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95935707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7182604074478149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-time-fourier-transform","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","score":0.6465698480606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.613405704498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5964202880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5663766860961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5520975589752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5506467819213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.49369916319847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.48216575384140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4498884677886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.42617279291152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.41635650396347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3463793396949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.2644316554069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15824037790298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09508389234542847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7182604074478149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166386157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477735","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.6465698480606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.613405704498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5964202880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5663766860961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5520975589752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5506467819213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.49369916319847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.48216575384140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4498884677886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.42617279291152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.41635650396347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3463793396949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.2644316554069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15824037790298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09508389234542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3209932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3209932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1790748249","https://openalex.org/W1801995169","https://openalex.org/W1979732575","https://openalex.org/W1996098514","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2021734622","https://openalex.org/W2023503936","https://openalex.org/W2076393573","https://openalex.org/W2108473160","https://openalex.org/W2120390927","https://openalex.org/W2169894018","https://openalex.org/W2294362001","https://openalex.org/W2475005008","https://openalex.org/W2588217779","https://openalex.org/W2602807606","https://openalex.org/W2702787849","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2763474475","https://openalex.org/W2807801272","https://openalex.org/W2888525203","https://openalex.org/W2899651173","https://openalex.org/W2910355481","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2927490830","https://openalex.org/W2964013315","https://openalex.org/W2980395728","https://openalex.org/W3033557345","https://openalex.org/W3034362861","https://openalex.org/W3047855151","https://openalex.org/W3061277972","https://openalex.org/W3090377106","https://openalex.org/W3091672556","https://openalex.org/W3102755745","https://openalex.org/W3124794156","https://openalex.org/W3133530565","https://openalex.org/W3140751667","https://openalex.org/W3173499146","https://openalex.org/W3193059835","https://openalex.org/W3203590351","https://openalex.org/W4214562496","https://openalex.org/W4242453637","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953058328","https://openalex.org/W1542224353","https://openalex.org/W1661087619","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2116854923","https://openalex.org/W2236974868","https://openalex.org/W4312766348","https://openalex.org/W2133587243","https://openalex.org/W4385545089","https://openalex.org/W2368038768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"to":[2,11,63,92,102,114,143,159,182],"use":[3],"unsupervised":[4,26],"deep":[5],"learning":[6],"(DL)":[7],"and":[8,48,125,147,177,200],"attention":[9],"networks":[10],"mute":[12],"the":[13,17,36,43,52,65,68,73,77,81,94,98,103,116,123,129,140,144,150,161,172,178,183,192,202],"unwanted":[14,145],"components":[15,100,146],"of":[16,51,67,80,128,210],"single-channel":[18],"earthquake":[19],"data.":[20,45,132],"The":[21,46,83,133,164],"proposed":[22,69,84,165,193],"algorithm":[23,166,194],"is":[24,76,112,120,157,167],"an":[25],"technique":[27,111],"that":[28],"does":[29],"not":[30],"require":[31],"any":[32],"prior":[33],"information":[34],"about":[35],"input":[37,66,130],"data,":[38],"i.e.,":[39,187],"no":[40],"need":[41],"for":[42,139,149],"labeled":[44],"imaginary":[47,126],"real":[49,124],"parts":[50,127],"short-time":[53],"frequency":[54],"transform":[55],"(STFT)":[56],"are":[57,106,180],"divided":[58],"into":[59],"several":[60],"overlapped":[61],"patches":[62],"be":[64],"DL":[70,85],"network,":[71],"while":[72],"output":[74],"target":[75],"absolute":[78],"value":[79],"STFT.":[82],"network":[86],"utilizes":[87],"a":[88,190,196],"customized":[89],"loss":[90],"function":[91],"reconstruct":[93,160],"signal":[95,152],"mask,":[96,118],"where":[97],"STFT":[99,156],"related":[101],"seismic":[104,131,151],"noise":[105],"muted.":[107],"An":[108],"adaptive":[109],"thresholding":[110],"utilized":[113],"obtain":[115],"binary":[117,134],"which":[119],"multiplied":[121],"by":[122,205],"mask":[135],"has":[136],"zero":[137],"values":[138],"samples":[141,170],"corresponding":[142],"ones":[148],"components.":[153],"Then,":[154],"inverse":[155],"used":[158],"denoised":[162],"signal.":[163],"evaluated":[168],"using":[169],"from":[171],"STanford":[173],"EArthquake":[174],"Dataset":[175],"(STEAD)":[176],"results":[179],"compared":[181],"benchmark":[184],"denoising":[185,198],"method,":[186],"DeepDenoiser.":[188],"As":[189],"result,":[191],"shows":[195],"robust":[197],"performance":[199],"outperforms":[201],"DeepDenoiser":[203],"method":[204],"1.95":[206],"dB":[207],"in":[208],"terms":[209],"signal-to-noise":[211],"ratio.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
