{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292825846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3200988","title":"Improving the Gross Primary Productivity Estimate by Simulating the Maximum Carboxylation Rate of the Crop Using Machine Learning Algorithms","display_name":"Improving the Gross Primary Productivity Estimate by Simulating the Maximum Carboxylation Rate of the Crop Using Machine Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292825846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3200988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3200988","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3200988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087348774","display_name":"Dekun Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-6395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dekun Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-6395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108269721","display_name":"Sha Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-4247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sha Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100616466","display_name":"Haojie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-8522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haojie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752524","display_name":"Jiahua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-9627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-9627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shanshan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-4247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-4247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072663733","display_name":"Yun Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-7884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-7884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Space Information and Big Earth Data Research Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.265,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87886748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.9503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.536882758140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-production","display_name":"Primary production","score":0.5153036117553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.49547135829925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.433277428150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23609578609466553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.156219482421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.13675320148468018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.536882758140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24717449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515905","display_name":"Primary production","level":3,"score":0.5153036117553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.49547135829925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.433277428150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23609578609466553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.156219482421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.13675320148468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3200988","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3200988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G655639131","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TSXZ201712","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7124447415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41901342","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G774223294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2017ZB0422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326189","funder_display_name":"Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G952615063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31671585","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326189","display_name":"Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1210020878","https://openalex.org/W1246888592","https://openalex.org/W1500576594","https://openalex.org/W1670110277","https://openalex.org/W1685317713","https://openalex.org/W1747607257","https://openalex.org/W1859034876","https://openalex.org/W1977552811","https://openalex.org/W1985571081","https://openalex.org/W1988144647","https://openalex.org/W2017541618","https://openalex.org/W2021365919","https://openalex.org/W2027968622","https://openalex.org/W2030877822","https://openalex.org/W2031831872","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2046723667","https://openalex.org/W2046857879","https://openalex.org/W2052648234","https://openalex.org/W2064632414","https://openalex.org/W2083715815","https://openalex.org/W2090485368","https://openalex.org/W2091810257","https://openalex.org/W2093846586","https://openalex.org/W2094547585","https://openalex.org/W2100174116","https://openalex.org/W2103869356","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2112332152","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2117329279","https://openalex.org/W2119180131","https://openalex.org/W2119370288","https://openalex.org/W2119895530","https://openalex.org/W2131372757","https://openalex.org/W2133555095","https://openalex.org/W2135735088","https://openalex.org/W2136904626","https://openalex.org/W2140415013","https://openalex.org/W2141565621","https://openalex.org/W2143024522","https://openalex.org/W2147611675","https://openalex.org/W2155152860","https://openalex.org/W2158987262","https://openalex.org/W2159292710","https://openalex.org/W2167787089","https://openalex.org/W2168870036","https://openalex.org/W2171509917","https://openalex.org/W2224070395","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2308036081","https://openalex.org/W2315586935","https://openalex.org/W2316249383","https://openalex.org/W2330969729","https://openalex.org/W2337444019","https://openalex.org/W2525892670","https://openalex.org/W2565157507","https://openalex.org/W2566772013","https://openalex.org/W2759761427","https://openalex.org/W2767396433","https://openalex.org/W2790682854","https://openalex.org/W2794693335","https://openalex.org/W2803001420","https://openalex.org/W2811488199","https://openalex.org/W2889566747","https://openalex.org/W2904321320","https://openalex.org/W2907861418","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914931835","https://openalex.org/W2989855530","https://openalex.org/W2991713810","https://openalex.org/W3038732210","https://openalex.org/W3089675477","https://openalex.org/W3120385485","https://openalex.org/W3126339672","https://openalex.org/W3128914474","https://openalex.org/W3129218789","https://openalex.org/W3141116480","https://openalex.org/W3158220258","https://openalex.org/W3188473907","https://openalex.org/W3203914580","https://openalex.org/W4220664730","https://openalex.org/W4223549269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2371500623","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W2072657027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,87,113,180,187],"current":[1],"regional-scale":[2],"process-based":[3,68],"photosynthesis":[4],"models":[5,25],"use":[6],"biome-specified":[7],"values":[8,193],"of":[9,42,75,109,115,178,189,194,232],"maximum":[10],"carboxylation":[11],"rate":[12],"at":[13],"25":[14],"&#x00B0;C":[15],"(<i>V</i><sub><i>m</i>25</sub>)":[16],"in":[17,29,36,39,106,129,226,245],"simulating":[18,130],"ecosystem":[19],"gross":[20],"primary":[21],"productivity":[22],"(GPP).":[23],"These":[24],"ignore":[26],"the":[27,52,72,94,107,110,150,176,184,190,201,223,235,243],"variations":[28,225],"<i>V</i><sub><i>m</i>25</sub>":[30,76,91,128,177,199,227],"over":[31,200],"time":[32],"and":[33,77,98,169,234],"space,":[34],"resulting":[35],"substantial":[37],"errors":[38],"regional":[40],"estimates":[41,231],"cropland":[43],"GPP.":[44],"Thus,":[45],"to":[46,57,70,147,174],"resolve":[47],"this":[48,80],"problem,":[49],"we":[50],"used":[51,156],"ensemble":[53],"Kalman":[54],"filter":[55],"(EnKF)":[56],"assimilate":[58],"tower-based":[59],"GPP":[60,132,196,233],"from":[61],"five":[62],"maize":[63],"flux":[64,203],"sites":[65,204],"into":[66],"a":[67,103],"mode":[69],"obtain":[71],"&#x201C;apparent&#x201D;":[73],"value":[74,105],"then":[78,99],"modeled":[79],"parameter":[81],"using":[82,197,215],"machine":[83],"learning":[84],"(ML)":[85],"algorithms.":[86],"results":[88],"showed":[89],"that":[90,148,214,221],"increased":[92,136],"during":[93],"early":[95],"growing":[96,111],"season":[97],"decreased":[100],"after":[101],"reaching":[102],"peak":[104],"middle":[108],"season.":[112],"coefficient":[114],"determination":[116],"(<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>)":[117],"(root":[118],"mean":[119],"square":[120],"error,":[121],"RMSE)":[122],"for":[123,149,241],"SCOPES-Crop":[124],"with":[125,152],"EnKF-derived":[126],"varied":[127],"daily":[131],"across":[133],"all":[134],"site-days":[135],"(decreased)":[137],"by":[138],"0.17":[139],"(5.63":[140],"&#x03BC;<i>mol":[141,208],"m</i><sup>-2</sup>":[142,209],"<i>s</i><sup>-1</sup>)":[143],"on":[144],"average":[145,188],"compared":[146],"model":[151,175],"fixed":[153,216],"<i>V</i><sub><i>m</i>25</sub>.":[154,217,246],"We":[155],"four":[157],"ML":[158,236],"algorithms,":[159],"namely":[160],"artificial":[161],"neural":[162,171],"network,":[163],"random":[164],"forest,":[165],"extreme":[166],"gradient":[167],"enhancement,":[168],"convolutional":[170],"network":[172],"(CNN),":[173],"maize.":[179],"CNN":[181],"algorithm":[182],"yielded":[183],"best":[185],"results.":[186],"<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>":[191],"(RMSE)":[192],"simulated":[195],"CNN-based":[198],"three":[202],"is":[205],"0.93":[206],"(1.95":[207],"<i>s</i><sup>-1</sup>),":[210],"higher":[211],"(smaller)":[212],"than":[213],"This":[218],"study":[219],"implies":[220],"representing":[222],"seasonal":[224],"can":[228],"facilitate":[229],"improved":[230],"methods":[237],"are":[238],"useful":[239],"tools":[240],"modeling":[242],"variation":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}