{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286377491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3192983","title":"An Improved Method for Ionospheric TEC Estimation Using the Spaceborne GNSS-R Observations","display_name":"An Improved Method for Ionospheric TEC Estimation Using the Spaceborne GNSS-R Observations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286377491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3192983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3192983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3192983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002550938","display_name":"Xiaodong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-0067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-0067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338949","display_name":"Hang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3408-3807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638045","display_name":"Jincheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-6704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jincheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015764816","display_name":"Dengkui Mei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengkui Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112927375","display_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-797X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, the Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, China","Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, the Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3194,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79079845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.9591535329818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8967187404632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6200137734413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6044937372207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.4690423905849457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.45446768403053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troposphere","display_name":"Troposphere","score":0.4463115930557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4028196930885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.39615190029144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32080012559890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2680708169937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.11304226517677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.08086252212524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.058596670627593994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.9591535329818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8967187404632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6200137734413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6044937372207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.4690423905849457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.45446768403053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.4463115930557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4028196930885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.39615190029144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32080012559890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2680708169937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.11304226517677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.08086252212524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.058596670627593994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3192983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3192983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5519842518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8134473786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71924109","https://openalex.org/W647704091","https://openalex.org/W1532691246","https://openalex.org/W1550957224","https://openalex.org/W1983952367","https://openalex.org/W1986762915","https://openalex.org/W1987326676","https://openalex.org/W1989650393","https://openalex.org/W1992094596","https://openalex.org/W2005422192","https://openalex.org/W2021148397","https://openalex.org/W2022050692","https://openalex.org/W2031854493","https://openalex.org/W2032835044","https://openalex.org/W2047462637","https://openalex.org/W2065338458","https://openalex.org/W2074442049","https://openalex.org/W2075828063","https://openalex.org/W2079595022","https://openalex.org/W2081182187","https://openalex.org/W2085101070","https://openalex.org/W2085781734","https://openalex.org/W2095583803","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2125676119","https://openalex.org/W2128945318","https://openalex.org/W2142555884","https://openalex.org/W2148255198","https://openalex.org/W2153105094","https://openalex.org/W2168987504","https://openalex.org/W2413444529","https://openalex.org/W2418656536","https://openalex.org/W2420663806","https://openalex.org/W2460583900","https://openalex.org/W2483834655","https://openalex.org/W2486478291","https://openalex.org/W2568906212","https://openalex.org/W2611351333","https://openalex.org/W2611826926","https://openalex.org/W2625413745","https://openalex.org/W2795067691","https://openalex.org/W2802007323","https://openalex.org/W2886620141","https://openalex.org/W2900796412","https://openalex.org/W2900831118","https://openalex.org/W2947225220","https://openalex.org/W2970022383","https://openalex.org/W2978187677","https://openalex.org/W2980711101","https://openalex.org/W2990229927","https://openalex.org/W3007546290","https://openalex.org/W3009373010","https://openalex.org/W3015809536","https://openalex.org/W3026127269","https://openalex.org/W3063031565","https://openalex.org/W3105729531","https://openalex.org/W3131451168","https://openalex.org/W4205369514","https://openalex.org/W4312244264","https://openalex.org/W4389228054","https://openalex.org/W6770677559","https://openalex.org/W6775423833","https://openalex.org/W6941074046","https://openalex.org/W7061811784","https://openalex.org/W7071869634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391986911","https://openalex.org/W3012062545","https://openalex.org/W4390484789","https://openalex.org/W2280162962","https://openalex.org/W2170328996","https://openalex.org/W2281447254","https://openalex.org/W1989070650","https://openalex.org/W2550010074","https://openalex.org/W2770061914","https://openalex.org/W1992137669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ionospheric":[0,172],"monitoring":[1],"and":[2,60,104,121,144,168,199,222,226,246],"modeling":[3,245],"have":[4],"been":[5],"difficult":[6],"for":[7,133],"a":[8],"long":[9],"time":[10],"over":[11,33,88,248],"the":[12,37,46,55,61,66,91,98,101,105,110,116,127,137,152,170,180,195,204,211,239,249],"data-void":[13],"or":[14],"data-sparse":[15],"oceans.":[16],"As":[17],"an":[18,81],"emerging":[19],"remote":[20],"sensing":[21],"technique,":[22],"GNSS":[23,182,232],"reflectometry":[24],"(GNSS-R)":[25],"has":[26,207],"presented":[27],"great":[28],"potential":[29],"in":[30,45,74,141,202,243],"ionosphere":[31],"sounding":[32],"these":[34,190],"regions.":[35],"However,":[36],"conventional":[38],"approach":[39],"to":[40,84,237],"generate":[41],"delay-Doppler-map":[42],"(DDM)":[43],"involved":[44],"GNSS-R":[47,67,92,112,242],"total":[48],"electron":[49],"content":[50],"(TEC)":[51],"retrieval":[52],"process":[53],"ignores":[54],"effects":[56],"of":[57,100,213,241],"tropospheric":[58,102,200],"delay":[59,64,198,201],"topside":[62,106,196],"ionospheric":[63,86,107,153,164,197,244],"above":[65,109],"receiver.":[68,113],"This":[69],"would":[70],"cause":[71],"certain":[72],"errors":[73],"retrieved":[75],"TEC":[76,87,154,205],"results.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79,124],"contribution,":[80],"improved":[82],"method":[83,132,159],"estimate":[85],"oceans":[89],"using":[90],"technique":[93],"is":[94,235],"proposed,":[95],"which":[96],"considers":[97],"influence":[99],"delays":[103,108],"spaceborne":[111],"To":[114],"achieve":[115],"best":[117],"matching":[118],"between":[119,189],"measured":[120,181],"simulated":[122],"DDM,":[123,203],"paper":[125],"employs":[126],"least":[128],"squares":[129],"(LS)":[130],"fitting":[131],"elastic":[134],"matching.":[135],"Additionally,":[136],"assessment":[138],"was":[139],"performed":[140],"May":[142],"2015":[143],"2017":[145],"at":[146],"different":[147],"solar":[148,228],"activities,":[149,229],"by":[150],"comparing":[151],"derived":[155],"from":[156,162],"our":[157],"proposed":[158],"with":[160],"that":[161],"two":[163],"empirical":[165],"models":[166],"(NeQuick2":[167],"IRI-2016),":[169],"Global":[171],"Maps":[173],"(GIMs)":[174],"final":[175],"products,":[176],"as":[177,179],"well":[178],"TEC.":[183,233],"The":[184],"results":[185],"show":[186],"good":[187],"consistency":[188],"models.":[191],"Meanwhile,":[192],"when":[193],"considering":[194],"accuracy":[206],"significantly":[208],"improved.":[209],"Especially,":[210],"improvements":[212],"root":[214],"mean":[215],"square":[216],"error":[217],"(RMS)":[218],"can":[219],"reach":[220],"5.3%":[221],"23.5%":[223],"during":[224],"high":[225],"low":[227],"respectively,":[230],"versus":[231],"It":[234],"expected":[236],"benefit":[238],"application":[240,247],"ocean":[250],"area.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}