{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285255169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3187751","title":"C-SASO: A Clustering-Based Size-Adaptive Safer Oversampling Technique for Imbalanced SAR Ship Classification","display_name":"C-SASO: A Clustering-Based Size-Adaptive Safer Oversampling Technique for Imbalanced SAR Ship Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285255169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3187751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3187751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3187751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037665726","display_name":"Yongxu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-1066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongxu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-1066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027377914","display_name":"Xudong Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-820X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060625066","display_name":"Mingwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-3311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430876","display_name":"Xi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3415-5345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Marine Physics and Remote Sensing, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Marine Physics and Remote Sensing, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90579829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9592999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.9555795788764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7104235291481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6644089221954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.522864818572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5198246240615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4891984462738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4415046274662018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4005565643310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3823009133338928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3740229606628418}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.9555795788764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7104235291481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6644089221954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.522864818572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5198246240615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4891984462738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4415046274662018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4005565643310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3823009133338928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3740229606628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3187751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3187751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2047570096","display_name":"\u65cb\u7ffc\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u96f7\u8fbe\u8239\u53ea\u76ee\u6807\u865a\u62df\u591a\u7ad9\u4e09\u7ef4\u6210\u50cf\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u8bc6\u522b","funder_award_id":"61971455","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W906603025","https://openalex.org/W1496056137","https://openalex.org/W1528512191","https://openalex.org/W1997950256","https://openalex.org/W2001713393","https://openalex.org/W2006467595","https://openalex.org/W2019178979","https://openalex.org/W2033801480","https://openalex.org/W2046878543","https://openalex.org/W2053913485","https://openalex.org/W2056936753","https://openalex.org/W2060098324","https://openalex.org/W2083660761","https://openalex.org/W2087240369","https://openalex.org/W2089709331","https://openalex.org/W2126996952","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2146204524","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2153094283","https://openalex.org/W2172165257","https://openalex.org/W2240574665","https://openalex.org/W2313666604","https://openalex.org/W2539825053","https://openalex.org/W2587237118","https://openalex.org/W2751615339","https://openalex.org/W2762294195","https://openalex.org/W2887218698","https://openalex.org/W2921103930","https://openalex.org/W2990641522","https://openalex.org/W3012162230","https://openalex.org/W3044749031","https://openalex.org/W3047500567","https://openalex.org/W3056736931","https://openalex.org/W3083811764","https://openalex.org/W3112362363","https://openalex.org/W3126889605","https://openalex.org/W3154815241","https://openalex.org/W3164753381","https://openalex.org/W3169512507","https://openalex.org/W3170133874","https://openalex.org/W3170950191","https://openalex.org/W3176448323","https://openalex.org/W3177410963","https://openalex.org/W4210663931","https://openalex.org/W4220782639"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766503024","https://openalex.org/W2781247653","https://openalex.org/W4206637278","https://openalex.org/W4386005305","https://openalex.org/W3082051559","https://openalex.org/W4386214543","https://openalex.org/W1969988626","https://openalex.org/W1682621979","https://openalex.org/W2953205341","https://openalex.org/W2141301039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"classification":[1,95,113,161],"using":[2],"Synthetic":[3],"Aperture":[4],"Radar":[5],"induces":[6],"effective":[7],"marine":[8],"applications":[9],"but":[10],"suffers":[11],"from":[12,93],"imbalanced":[13,112],"datasets.":[14],"Common":[15],"ship":[16,26],"types":[17,27],"(majority":[18],"classes)":[19],"contain":[20],"many":[21],"more":[22],"instances":[23,36,50,77,136],"than":[24],"rare":[25,52],"(minority":[28],"classes),":[29],"resulting":[30],"in":[31],"performance":[32],"loss":[33],"since":[34],"minority":[35,56,71,119,132],"tend":[37],"to":[38,47,63,109,140,157],"be":[39],"ignored.":[40],"Meanwhile,":[41],"it":[42],"is":[43,98],"difficult":[44],"and":[45,125,169,178],"time-consuming":[46],"produce":[48],"reliable":[49],"for":[51,130],"ships.":[53],"The":[54,163],"synthetic":[55],"oversampling":[57,107,123],"techniques":[58],"have":[59],"shown":[60],"great":[61],"potential":[62],"balance":[64],"the":[65,74,81,85,94,111,141,167,176,179,184],"distribution":[66],"of":[67,144,148,171],"classes":[68],"by":[69],"synthesizing":[70,172],"instances.":[72,133,173],"However,":[73],"newly":[75],"synthesized":[76,138],"may":[78],"overlap":[79],"with":[80],"majority":[82],"instances,":[83,120,146],"reducing":[84],"separability":[86],"among":[87],"classes,":[88],"or":[89],"being":[90],"far":[91],"away":[92],"boundary,":[96],"which":[97],"meaningless.":[99],"This":[100],"paper":[101],"proposes":[102],"a":[103,159],"clustering-based":[104],"size-adaptive":[105],"safer":[106],"technique":[108,186],"address":[110],"problem.":[114],"Proven":[115],"schemes,":[116],"including":[117],"cluster":[118],"adaptively":[121],"allocate":[122],"sizes,":[124],"assign":[126],"weights":[127],"are":[128,137,155],"adopted":[129],"selecting":[131],"Then,":[134],"new":[135],"according":[139],"safe":[142],"metric":[143],"selected":[145],"instead":[147],"randomly":[149],"inserted.":[150],"Furthermore,":[151],"multiple":[152],"handcrafted":[153],"features":[154],"tested":[156],"provide":[158],"clearer":[160],"boundary.":[162],"proposed":[164,185],"comprehensively":[165],"considers":[166],"usefulness":[168],"safety":[170],"Experiments":[174],"on":[175],"OpenSARShip":[177],"FUSAR-Ship":[180],"datasets":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"that":[183],"achieves":[187],"significantly":[188],"better":[189],"results.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
