{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226437654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3165371","title":"FG-GAN: A Fine-Grained Generative Adversarial Network for Unsupervised SAR-to-Optical Image Translation","display_name":"FG-GAN: A Fine-Grained Generative Adversarial Network for Unsupervised SAR-to-Optical Image Translation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226437654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3165371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3165371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3165371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011324535","display_name":"Xi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-3674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380111","display_name":"Zihan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-1603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009939534","display_name":"Jingyi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-8086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101452071","display_name":"Dong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4500-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi’an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi’an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011324535"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7724,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94611788,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.831250786781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.8236677646636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6759912371635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6230033040046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-translation","display_name":"Image translation","score":0.5717724561691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-noise","display_name":"Speckle noise","score":0.49352848529815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4932989180088043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.47228342294692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4498412609100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.432095468044281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4161398410797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.28304523229599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.831250786781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.8236677646636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6759912371635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6230033040046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779757391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002292","display_name":"Image translation","level":3,"score":0.5717724561691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.49352848529815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4932989180088043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.47228342294692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4498412609100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.432095468044281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4161398410797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28304523229599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3165371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3165371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4004264773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JB210115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6854205714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2102166818","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2593414223","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2804078698","https://openalex.org/W2810454813","https://openalex.org/W2901818816","https://openalex.org/W2952716587","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962960082","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963373786","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2963800363","https://openalex.org/W2963890275","https://openalex.org/W2964024144","https://openalex.org/W2971888276","https://openalex.org/W2972279533","https://openalex.org/W2973660294","https://openalex.org/W3014055653","https://openalex.org/W3015653929","https://openalex.org/W3035037798","https://openalex.org/W3096643492","https://openalex.org/W3114037660","https://openalex.org/W3156208778","https://openalex.org/W3174265363","https://openalex.org/W3184550728","https://openalex.org/W3198909301","https://openalex.org/W3214497989","https://openalex.org/W4212803465","https://openalex.org/W4294643831","https://openalex.org/W4301206121","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6685352114","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6741832134","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6752378368","https://openalex.org/W6755312952","https://openalex.org/W6765779288","https://openalex.org/W6766150548","https://openalex.org/W6803601828"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293202849","https://openalex.org/W4321441197","https://openalex.org/W2100498883","https://openalex.org/W1974266560","https://openalex.org/W3171448127","https://openalex.org/W2601459726","https://openalex.org/W3171025045","https://openalex.org/W4386025691","https://openalex.org/W4282977492","https://openalex.org/W2936485314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"and":[4,20,32,60,92,166,227,235,252],"optical":[5,153,228],"sensing":[6,103,276],"are":[7,36,90],"two":[8],"important":[9],"means":[10],"of":[11,29,49,67,82,194,208,225,273],"Earth":[12,22],"observation.":[13],"SAR":[14,226],"can":[15],"be":[16],"used":[17],"for":[18,86],"all-day":[19],"all-weather":[21],"observation,":[23,52],"but":[24,53],"it":[25,54],"has":[26,259],"the":[27,47,65,68,83,120,148,179,191,195,205,209,221,236,245,271],"disadvantages":[28],"speckle":[30],"noise":[31],"geometric":[33],"distortion,":[34],"which":[35],"not":[37],"conducive":[38],"to":[39,46,63,109,146,189,203,219,244],"human":[40,50],"eye":[41],"recognition.":[42],"Optical":[43],"image":[44,79,88,113],"conforms":[45],"characteristics":[48],"visual":[51],"is":[55,242],"easily":[56],"affected":[57],"by":[58,123,184],"climate":[59],"time.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"integrate":[64],"advantages":[66],"two,":[69],"researchers":[70],"have":[71,232],"carried":[72],"out":[73],"extensive":[74],"work":[75],"on":[76,249,263],"SAR-to-optical":[77],"(S2O)":[78],"translation.":[80],"Most":[81],"existing":[84],"methods":[85,125,248],"S2O":[87,112],"translation":[89,114],"supervised":[91],"need":[93],"paired":[94],"training":[95],"samples,":[96],"limiting":[97],"its":[98,267],"large-scale":[99],"application":[100],"in":[101,151,269],"remote":[102,275],"field.":[104],"Thus,":[105],"we":[106,117,135,156,197,212],"give":[107],"priority":[108],"an":[110,158],"unsupervised":[111,124],"method.":[115],"Meanwhile,":[116],"find":[118],"that":[119,239],"images":[121],"generated":[122,152],"suffer":[126],"from":[127],"significant":[128,261],"detail":[129],"deficiencies.":[130],"To":[131],"solve":[132],"this":[133],"problem,":[134],"propose":[136,213],"a":[137,199,214,260],"fine-grained":[138],"generative":[139],"adversarial":[140],"network":[141],"(FG-GAN)":[142],"introducing":[143],"three":[144],"strategies":[145],"enhance":[147,204],"detailed":[149],"information":[150],"images.":[154,229],"First,":[155],"design":[157],"unbalanced":[159],"generator":[160],"(UBG)":[161],"with":[162],"complex":[163,172],"encoder":[164,173],"networks":[165],"relatively":[167],"simple":[168],"decoder":[169,180],"networks.":[170],"The":[171],"extracts":[174],"abundant":[175],"feature":[176],"information,":[177],"while":[178],"obtains":[181],"key":[182],"details":[183],"filtering":[185],"these":[186],"features.":[187],"Second,":[188],"match":[190],"learning":[192],"ability":[193,207],"generator,":[196],"present":[198],"multiscale":[200],"discriminator":[201],"(MSD)":[202],"discriminant":[206],"network.":[210],"Third,":[211],"comprehensive":[215],"normalization":[216],"group":[217],"(CNG)":[218],"promote":[220],"physical":[222],"representation":[223],"consistency":[224],"Extensive":[230],"experiments":[231],"been":[233],"conducted,":[234],"results":[237],"show":[238],"our":[240,257],"method":[241],"superior":[243],"state-of-the-art":[246],"(SOTA)":[247],"both":[250],"subjective":[251],"objective":[253],"evaluation":[254],"indicators.":[255],"Moreover,":[256],"FG-GAN":[258],"improvement":[262],"classification":[264],"accuracy,":[265],"indicating":[266],"potential":[268],"facilitating":[270],"performance":[272],"practical":[274],"tasks.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}