{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226275810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3159789","title":"Unsupervised Spectral\u2013Spatial Semantic Feature Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Unsupervised Spectral\u2013Spatial Semantic Feature Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226275810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3159789"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3159789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3159789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101677013","display_name":"Huilin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-0413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huilin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024704138","display_name":"Wei He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3410-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3410-0643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673818","display_name":"Liangpei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385579","display_name":"Hongyan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7894-5755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7894-5755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing,, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94240933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8362010717391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6523329019546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6412734389305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6317424774169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5498627424240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5161100625991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4461989402770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.382651150226593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22028562426567078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8362010717391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6523329019546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6412734389305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6317424774169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5498627424240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5161100625991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4461989402770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.382651150226593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22028562426567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3159789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3159789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5377590583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8145771212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197865394","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1535602073","https://openalex.org/W1555148682","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2037328426","https://openalex.org/W2039632702","https://openalex.org/W2041100636","https://openalex.org/W2046005667","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2067532478","https://openalex.org/W2072187267","https://openalex.org/W2090424610","https://openalex.org/W2103250033","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2159070926","https://openalex.org/W2161815745","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2179290474","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2331181944","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2506684654","https://openalex.org/W2538244214","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2614326984","https://openalex.org/W2737996023","https://openalex.org/W2757208835","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2774466993","https://openalex.org/W2782517596","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2808776742","https://openalex.org/W2899003677","https://openalex.org/W2900116731","https://openalex.org/W2940678725","https://openalex.org/W2951885307","https://openalex.org/W2981992760","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3014771378","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3046027728","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3048631361","https://openalex.org/W3090929676","https://openalex.org/W3092329251","https://openalex.org/W3102692100","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3111046936","https://openalex.org/W3122774149","https://openalex.org/W3133902755","https://openalex.org/W3140885850","https://openalex.org/W3168931281","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W6633204899","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6676189307","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6774314701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2385371209","https://openalex.org/W4250051149","https://openalex.org/W2083270190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Can":[0],"we":[1,44,78,97],"automatically":[2],"learn":[3,70],"meaningful":[4],"semantic":[5,49,57,75,134],"feature":[6,50,58,81,86,101,108],"representations":[7],"when":[8],"training":[9],"labels":[10],"are":[11,157],"absent?":[12],"Several":[13],"recent":[14],"unsupervised":[15,55,195],"deep":[16,56,112,193],"learning":[17,51,102],"approaches":[18],"have":[19,130],"attempted":[20],"to":[21,69,83,104,122,162],"tackle":[22],"this":[23,42],"problem":[24],"by":[25,155,159],"solving":[26],"the":[27,80,89,99,106,111,124,131,140,151],"data":[28,92],"reconstruction":[29],"task.":[30],"However,":[31],"these":[32],"methods":[33],"can":[34,179],"easily":[35],"latch":[36],"on":[37,168],"low-level":[38],"features.":[39],"To":[40],"solve":[41],"problem,":[43],"propose":[45,98],"an":[46],"end-to-end":[47],"spectral–spatial":[48,100,153],"network":[52,103],"(S3FN)":[53],"for":[54],"extraction":[59],"(FE)":[60],"from":[61,73,93],"hyperspectral":[62],"images":[63],"(HSIs).":[64],"Our":[65],"main":[66],"idea":[67],"is":[68,120],"spectral-spatial":[71],"features":[72,144,154],"high-level":[74],"perspective.":[76],"First,":[77],"utilize":[79],"transformation":[82],"obtain":[84],"two":[85,107,125],"descriptions":[87,109],"of":[88],"same":[90,132],"source":[91],"different":[94],"views.":[95],"Then,":[96],"project":[105],"into":[110],"embedding":[113],"space.":[114],"Subsequently,":[115],"a":[116,160,185],"contrastive":[117],"loss":[118],"function":[119],"introduced":[121],"align":[123],"projected":[126],"features,":[127],"which":[128],"should":[129],"implied":[133],"meaning.":[135],"The":[136],"proposed":[137,177],"S3FN":[138,156,178],"learns":[139],"spectral":[141],"and":[142,146],"spatial":[143],"separately,":[145],"then":[147],"merges":[148],"them.":[149],"Finally,":[150],"learned":[152],"processed":[158],"classifier":[161],"evaluate":[163],"their":[164],"effectiveness.":[165],"Experimental":[166],"results":[167,183],"three":[169],"publicly":[170],"available":[171],"HSI":[172],"datasets":[173],"show":[174],"that":[175],"our":[176],"produce":[180],"promising":[181],"classification":[182],"with":[184],"lower":[186],"time":[187],"cost":[188],"than":[189],"other":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"(SOTA)":[192],"learning-based":[194],"FE":[196],"methods.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}