{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210423736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3148738","title":"Hierarchical Dictionary Learning for Vehicle Classification Based on the Carrier-Free UWB Radar","display_name":"Hierarchical Dictionary Learning for Vehicle Classification Based on the Carrier-Free UWB Radar","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210423736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3148738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3148738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3148738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103056501","display_name":"Yuying Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9919-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuying Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101718361","display_name":"Shuning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-0355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-0355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074728748","display_name":"Lingzhi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3363-5067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingzhi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101402176","display_name":"Yuyang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3519-6915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I209549992","display_name":"Sanjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1hyx43","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I209549992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Higher Vocational and Technical, Sanjiang University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Higher Vocational and Technical, Sanjiang University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I209549992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082969582","display_name":"Si Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0568-8946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6135,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93128004,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.918517529964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7496311664581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6471290588378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6458967924118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6110769510269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6064438223838806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4820155203342438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.43609383702278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.430643230676651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42767611145973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-svd","display_name":"K-SVD","score":0.41595980525016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-approximation","display_name":"Sparse approximation","score":0.4155676066875458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.41383475065231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32912465929985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2618277370929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07267850637435913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.918517529964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7496311664581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6471290588378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6458967924118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6110769510269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6064438223838806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4820155203342438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43609383702278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.430643230676651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42767611145973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154771677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17098361","display_name":"K-SVD","level":3,"score":0.41595980525016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124066611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28684319","display_name":"Sparse approximation","level":2,"score":0.4155676066875458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.41383475065231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32912465929985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2618277370929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07267850637435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3148738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3148738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1035005217","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5fae\u591a\u666e\u52d2\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u8f7d\u96f7\u8fbe\u5bf9\u5730\u6d77\u76ee\u6807\u7cbe\u786e\u5206\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3604186411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20200075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4981327290","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30917011315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G764773846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W634011990","https://openalex.org/W1963932623","https://openalex.org/W1982405594","https://openalex.org/W1988898685","https://openalex.org/W1996907484","https://openalex.org/W1998742693","https://openalex.org/W1998943499","https://openalex.org/W2027805700","https://openalex.org/W2029249940","https://openalex.org/W2033530531","https://openalex.org/W2045219922","https://openalex.org/W2052818671","https://openalex.org/W2054846461","https://openalex.org/W2073285883","https://openalex.org/W2073390905","https://openalex.org/W2078204800","https://openalex.org/W2102380305","https://openalex.org/W2122315118","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2141520175","https://openalex.org/W2153663612","https://openalex.org/W2157539690","https://openalex.org/W2160547390","https://openalex.org/W2164300999","https://openalex.org/W2164576411","https://openalex.org/W2167989165","https://openalex.org/W2259806492","https://openalex.org/W2343962831","https://openalex.org/W2507782627","https://openalex.org/W2795307117","https://openalex.org/W2884283253","https://openalex.org/W2889149612","https://openalex.org/W2941753361","https://openalex.org/W2990641522","https://openalex.org/W2997617582","https://openalex.org/W2998742520","https://openalex.org/W3000480515","https://openalex.org/W3004723156","https://openalex.org/W3015363211","https://openalex.org/W3030694258","https://openalex.org/W3038113894","https://openalex.org/W3084745937","https://openalex.org/W3124863755","https://openalex.org/W3126889605","https://openalex.org/W3186936208","https://openalex.org/W3202979025","https://openalex.org/W3214863625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982774199","https://openalex.org/W2035746673","https://openalex.org/W2510758617","https://openalex.org/W1972656095","https://openalex.org/W2025884142","https://openalex.org/W2011292423","https://openalex.org/W2029725672","https://openalex.org/W2789775441","https://openalex.org/W2115296911","https://openalex.org/W1914651075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,12,87,260],"promising":[2],"technique,":[3],"dictionary":[4,133,149],"learning":[5],"(DL)":[6],"for":[7,93],"target":[8],"recognition":[9,95],"has":[10],"seen":[11],"recent":[13,16],"surge":[14],"in":[15,67,140,190],"years.":[17],"Although":[18],"many":[19],"methods":[20],"have":[21],"been":[22],"proposed":[23,92,235,253],"to":[24,145,218,245,247],"obtain":[25],"discriminative":[26,51,184,206],"dictionaries":[27],"or":[28],"coefficients":[29,144],"via":[30],"incorporating":[31],"various":[32],"constraints":[33],"into":[34,135,177],"the":[35,54,68,73,98,104,109,122,131,147,155,161,167,180,187,192,209,214,225,231,234,248,252],"objective":[36,55,210],"function,":[37,211],"there":[38],"are":[39,158],"still":[40],"two":[41,85],"issues.":[42],"First,":[43],"it":[44],"is":[45,91,125,170,201],"well":[46],"known":[47],"that":[48,121],"kinds":[49],"of":[50,106,111,186,233,251],"criteria":[52],"on":[53,97,208,224,259],"function":[56],"often":[57],"involve":[58],"substantial":[59],"optimized":[60],"items,":[61],"increasing":[62],"computation":[63],"cost.":[64],"Second,":[65],"noises":[66],"real":[69],"world":[70],"inevitably":[71],"degrade":[72],"classification":[74,168],"performance,":[75],"while":[76],"most":[77],"DL":[78,89,174],"algorithms":[79],"disregard":[80],"that.":[81],"Aiming":[82],"at":[83],"these":[84],"problems,":[86],"hierarchical":[88,173,220],"model":[90],"vehicle":[94],"based":[96],"carrier-free":[99],"ultrawideband":[100],"(UWB)":[101],"radar.":[102],"With":[103],"purpose":[105],"successfully":[107],"determining":[108],"identity":[110],"targets,":[112],"we":[113,129,212,255],"first":[114],"learn":[115],"several":[116],"class-specific":[117],"subdictionaries.":[118],"Then,":[119],"considering":[120],"actual":[123],"environment":[124],"filled":[126],"with":[127,142],"noises,":[128],"divided":[130],"learned":[132,188],"atoms":[134,139],"signal":[136,148,163],"and":[137,150,165,183,227],"disturbance":[138],"accordance":[141],"sparse":[143],"establish":[146],"noise":[151],"dictionary,":[152,164,189],"respectively.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"clean":[156],"data":[157,229],"recovered":[159],"over":[160],"corresponding":[162],"meanwhile,":[166],"task":[169],"achieved.":[171],"This":[172],"method":[175,236],"takes":[176],"account":[178],"both":[179],"noise-robust":[181],"ability":[182,250],"power":[185],"which":[191],"\u201catom":[193],"selection\u201d":[194],"mechanism":[195],"dramatically":[196],"speeds":[197],"up":[198],"calculations.":[199],"What":[200],"more,":[202],"rather":[203],"than":[204],"imposing":[205],"restraints":[207],"improve":[213],"K-SVD-based":[215],"optimization":[216],"process":[217],"complete":[219],"DL.":[221],"Experimental":[222],"results":[223],"measured":[226],"synthetic":[228,262],"corroborate":[230],"effectiveness":[232],"even":[237],"under":[238],"low":[239],"signal-to-noise":[240],"ratio":[241],"(SNR)":[242],"values.":[243],"Especially,":[244],"testify":[246],"generalization":[249],"method,":[254],"evaluate":[256],"our":[257],"algorithm":[258],"public":[261],"aperture":[263],"radar":[264],"(SAR)":[265],"dataset":[266],"(MSTAR).":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}