{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210535601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172","title":"Post-Processing Synchronized Bistatic Radar for Long Offset Glacier Sounding","display_name":"Post-Processing Synchronized Bistatic Radar for Long Offset Glacier Sounding","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210535601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/9633014/09694618.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/9633014/09694618.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024492210","display_name":"Nicole Bienert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-327X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicole L. Bienert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-327X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030527883","display_name":"Dustin M. Schroeder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-3929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dustin M. Schroeder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-3929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037259654","display_name":"Sean T. Peters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-8271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean T. Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-8271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031767493","display_name":"Emma MacKie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6303-5249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma J. MacKie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076347275","display_name":"Eliza Dawson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-3201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eliza J. Dawson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040607263","display_name":"Matthew R. Siegfried","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-4633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167576493","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew R. Siegfried","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-4633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042245638","display_name":"Rohan Sanda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohan Sanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026733539","display_name":"Poul Christoffersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2643-8724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poul Christoffersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024492210"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8998,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83472937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13176","display_name":"Winter Sports Injuries and Performance","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.7739294767379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.712332010269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6187180876731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacier","display_name":"Glacier","score":0.6056079268455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5379230976104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.5177461504936218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4920472800731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.46897801756858826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38581138849258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.18529197573661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10206407308578491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.7739294767379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.712332010269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6187180876731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100834320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35666","display_name":"Glacier","level":2,"score":0.6056079268455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5379230976104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.5177461504936218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4920472800731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.46897801756858826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38581138849258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.18529197573661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10206407308578491}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/9633014/09694618.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/9633014/09694618.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1312497815","display_name":"Resolving subglacial properties, hydrological networks and dynamic evolution of ice flow on the Greenland Ice Sheet","funder_award_id":"683043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2109638845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1656518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","funder_display_name":"Division of Graduate Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4938140298","display_name":"Resolving subglacial properties, hydrological networks and dynamic evolution of ice flow on the Greenland Ice Sheet","funder_award_id":"683043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5267932457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1656518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6320126941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1543441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7921006787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX16AJ95G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334979","display_name":"Australian Antarctic Division","ror":"https://ror.org/05e89k615"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","display_name":"Division of Graduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00whkrf32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210535601.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210535601.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W357677209","https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W1519917150","https://openalex.org/W1520084180","https://openalex.org/W1527190934","https://openalex.org/W1549230451","https://openalex.org/W1655112357","https://openalex.org/W1737642633","https://openalex.org/W1864936449","https://openalex.org/W1966864230","https://openalex.org/W1973320638","https://openalex.org/W1981543751","https://openalex.org/W1983002284","https://openalex.org/W2004832193","https://openalex.org/W2006993102","https://openalex.org/W2030425192","https://openalex.org/W2045516503","https://openalex.org/W2048785283","https://openalex.org/W2049466135","https://openalex.org/W2055675485","https://openalex.org/W2068533706","https://openalex.org/W2068849410","https://openalex.org/W2133665494","https://openalex.org/W2140113990","https://openalex.org/W2164840860","https://openalex.org/W2341900706","https://openalex.org/W2414498849","https://openalex.org/W2460447094","https://openalex.org/W2521800451","https://openalex.org/W2527680504","https://openalex.org/W2529452712","https://openalex.org/W2559915874","https://openalex.org/W2700304128","https://openalex.org/W2740264913","https://openalex.org/W2792101952","https://openalex.org/W2796812396","https://openalex.org/W2800629186","https://openalex.org/W2808759061","https://openalex.org/W2810078774","https://openalex.org/W2884976059","https://openalex.org/W2893791873","https://openalex.org/W2898223943","https://openalex.org/W2955902447","https://openalex.org/W2956129935","https://openalex.org/W2968214327","https://openalex.org/W2970411631","https://openalex.org/W2982491644","https://openalex.org/W2991556313","https://openalex.org/W3012360214","https://openalex.org/W3018155513","https://openalex.org/W3080911891","https://openalex.org/W3088085964","https://openalex.org/W3099367651","https://openalex.org/W3205687650","https://openalex.org/W4241060117","https://openalex.org/W4387836030","https://openalex.org/W4389626908","https://openalex.org/W6857469706","https://openalex.org/W6906034464","https://openalex.org/W6912733020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2620680451","https://openalex.org/W2354750018","https://openalex.org/W3127689436","https://openalex.org/W2982652090","https://openalex.org/W2125716714","https://openalex.org/W4380451819","https://openalex.org/W2080958151","https://openalex.org/W2387210280","https://openalex.org/W3198014086","https://openalex.org/W3012040388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar":[0],"tomography":[1],"of":[2,10,61,101,155,202,214],"glaciers":[3],"promises":[4],"to":[5,43,54,57,123,135],"improve":[6],"imaging":[7],"and":[8,14,23,90,129,188,196,211,218],"estimates":[9],"subsurface":[11],"ice-sheet":[12],"structures":[13],"properties,":[15],"including":[16],"temperature":[17],"distributions,":[18],"basal":[19,103,148],"materials,":[20],"ice":[21,37],"fabric,":[22],"englacial":[24,217],"water":[25],"content.":[26],"However,":[27],"bistatic":[28,98,205],"radar":[29,99,183,206],"data":[30,50],"with":[31,118,175],"long":[32,106],"(i.e.,":[33],"larger":[34],"than":[35],"the":[36,58,68,147,153],"thickness)":[38],"walk-away":[39,120],"surveys":[40,207],"are":[41,189],"required":[42,71],"constrain":[44],"high-fidelity":[45],"tomographic":[46],"inversions.":[47],"These":[48],"long-offset":[49],"have":[51],"proven":[52],"difficult":[53],"collect":[55],"due":[56],"hardware":[59,69],"complexity":[60,70],"existing":[62],"synchronization":[63,74],"techniques.":[64],"Therefore,":[65],"we":[66,145],"remove":[67],"for":[72,208,216],"real-time":[73],"by":[75,192],"synchronizing":[76],"in":[77],"postprocessing.":[78],"Our":[79,194],"technique":[80],"transforms":[81],"an":[82],"Autonomous":[83],"phase-sensitive":[84],"Radio":[85],"Echo":[86],"Sounder":[87],"(ApRES)":[88],"system":[89,111,200],"a":[91,96,119,166,199],"software-defined":[92],"radio":[93],"receiver":[94],"into":[95],"coherent":[97],"capable":[100,201],"recovering":[102],"echoes":[104],"at":[105,112,130,150],"offsets.":[107],"We":[108,170],"validated":[109],"our":[110,172],"Whillans":[113],"Ice":[114],"Stream,":[115],"West":[116],"Antarctica,":[117],"survey":[121],"up":[122,134],"1300":[124],"m":[125,127,137,139],"(797":[126],"thick)":[128],"Store":[131],"Glacier,":[132],"Greenland,":[133],"1450":[136],"(1028":[138],"thick).":[140],"At":[141],"both":[142],"field":[143],"sites,":[144],"measured":[146],"echo":[149],"angles":[151],"beyond":[152],"point":[154],"total":[156],"internal":[157],"reflection":[158],"(TIR),":[159],"whose":[160],"previous":[161],"literature":[162],"had":[163],"set":[164],"as":[165],"hard":[167],"physical":[168],"limit.":[169],"support":[171],"experimental":[173],"results":[174],"high-frequency":[176],"structure":[177],"simulation,":[178],"which":[179],"shows":[180],"that":[181],"ground-based":[182],"systems":[184],"capture":[185],"evanescent":[186],"waves":[187],"not":[190],"hindered":[191],"TIR.":[193],"analysis":[195],"experiments":[197],"demonstrate":[198],"executing":[203],"wide-angle":[204],"improved":[209],"geometric":[210],"radiometric":[212],"resolution":[213],"inversions":[215],"subglacial":[219],"properties.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
