{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206684527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3138974","title":"Estimating Parameters of the Tree Root in Heterogeneous Soil Environments via Mask-Guided Multi-Polarimetric Integration Neural Network","display_name":"Estimating Parameters of the Tree Root in Heterogeneous Soil Environments via Mask-Guided Multi-Polarimetric Integration Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206684527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3138974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3138974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3138974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.13494","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033289076","display_name":"Hai-Han Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2749-9916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Han Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057695668","display_name":"Yee Hui Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yee Hui Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007726486","display_name":"Qiqi Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1579-6390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiqi Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034122071","display_name":"Chongyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-2460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112611354","display_name":"Genevieve Ow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329267311","display_name":"National Parks Board","ror":"https://ror.org/046qg1023","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311","https://openalex.org/I4210154943"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genevieve Ow","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Parks Board, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Parks Board, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016474418","display_name":"Mohamed Lokman Mohd Yusof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-4877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329267311","display_name":"National Parks Board","ror":"https://ror.org/046qg1023","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311","https://openalex.org/I4210154943"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Lokman Mohd Yusof","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Parks Board, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Parks Board, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039578731","display_name":"Abdulkadir C. Y\u00fccel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-4043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulkadir C. Yucel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033289076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4666,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92366575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7844493389129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.6653706431388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6531843543052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6143187880516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5440428256988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4893185794353485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4645749032497406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.45387426018714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43558287620544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.43397560715675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.33276697993278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21012738347053528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7844493389129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6653706431388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6531843543052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6143187880516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5440428256988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4893185794353485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4645749032497406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.45387426018714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43558287620544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.43397560715675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.33276697993278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21012738347053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3138974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3138974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2112.13494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.13494","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.13494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/162648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/162648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2112.13494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.13494","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.13494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320758","display_name":"National Parks Board - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/046qg1023"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1590617632","https://openalex.org/W1939903356","https://openalex.org/W1972633619","https://openalex.org/W1987776270","https://openalex.org/W1998047129","https://openalex.org/W2022132210","https://openalex.org/W2035752142","https://openalex.org/W2040207747","https://openalex.org/W2044927495","https://openalex.org/W2045950619","https://openalex.org/W2055871050","https://openalex.org/W2057248530","https://openalex.org/W2058819995","https://openalex.org/W2066626306","https://openalex.org/W2090916054","https://openalex.org/W2092971724","https://openalex.org/W2102566310","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2128118386","https://openalex.org/W2138489340","https://openalex.org/W2155411643","https://openalex.org/W2168512468","https://openalex.org/W2170990364","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289676830","https://openalex.org/W2395626468","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2521901407","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2766445931","https://openalex.org/W2781387094","https://openalex.org/W2794183852","https://openalex.org/W2885718082","https://openalex.org/W2901206390","https://openalex.org/W2940598730","https://openalex.org/W2950628671","https://openalex.org/W2950711685","https://openalex.org/W2955333808","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2995817274","https://openalex.org/W3012140695","https://openalex.org/W3013741472","https://openalex.org/W3027906135","https://openalex.org/W3034752215","https://openalex.org/W3082449922","https://openalex.org/W3090474196","https://openalex.org/W3092992639","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3118330161","https://openalex.org/W3128897538","https://openalex.org/W3149030802","https://openalex.org/W3159223345","https://openalex.org/W4240446211","https://openalex.org/W4309845474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W2028603514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground-penetrating":[0],"radar":[1],"(GPR)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"used":[5],"as":[6,36,162],"a":[7,41,56,61,103,134,138,152],"nondestructive":[8],"tool":[9],"for":[10,174],"tree":[11],"root":[12,22,38,46,49,58,71,80,143,186,223],"inspection.":[13],"Estimating":[14],"root-related":[15,32,123,180,210,234],"parameters":[16,33,47,69,124,183,224],"from":[17],"GPR":[18,89],"radargrams":[19,173],"greatly":[20],"facilitates":[21],"health":[23],"monitoring":[24],"and":[25,48,70,95,119,151,167,191,193,225,230,238],"imaging.":[26],"However,":[27],"the":[28,37,65,92,142,159,185,201,214,219],"task":[29],"of":[30,44,67,177,222],"estimating":[31],"is":[34,40,115,213],"challenging":[35],"reflection":[39,144],"complex":[42],"function":[43],"multiple":[45,122,233],"orientations.":[50],"Existing":[51],"methods":[52],"can":[53,244],"only":[54],"estimate":[55,121],"single":[57],"parameter":[59,153],"at":[60,247],"time":[62],"without":[63],"considering":[64],"influence":[66],"other":[68],"orientations,":[72],"resulting":[73],"in":[74,88,125,171,208,241],"limited":[75],"estimation":[76,154,176,206],"accuracy":[77,207],"under":[78],"different":[79],"conditions.":[81],"In":[82],"addition,":[83],"soil":[84,127],"heterogeneity":[85],"introduces":[86],"clutter":[87,150],"radargrams,":[90],"making":[91],"data":[93,237],"processing":[94],"interpretation":[96],"even":[97],"harder.":[98],"To":[99],"address":[100],"these":[101,209],"issues,":[102],"novel":[104],"neural":[105,112],"network":[106,113],"architecture,":[107],"called":[108],"mask-guided":[109],"multi-polarimetric":[110,172],"integration":[111],"(MMI-Net),":[114],"proposed":[116,202],"to":[117,140,146,164],"automatically":[118],"simultaneously":[120,231],"heterogeneous":[126],"environments.":[128],"The":[129,182,236],"MMI-Net":[130,203],"includes":[131],"two":[132],"subnetworks:":[133],"MaskNet":[135],"that":[136,157,200,217],"predicts":[137],"mask":[139,161],"highlight":[141],"area":[145],"eliminate":[147],"interfering":[148],"environmental":[149],"subnetwork":[155],"(ParaNet)":[156],"uses":[158],"predicted":[160],"guidance":[163],"integrate,":[165],"extract,":[166],"emphasize":[168],"informative":[169],"features":[170],"accurate":[175],"five":[178],"key":[179],"parameters.":[181,211,235],"include":[184],"depth,":[187],"diameter,":[188],"relative":[189],"permittivity,":[190],"horizontal":[192],"vertical":[194],"orientation":[195],"angles.":[196],"Experimental":[197],"results":[198],"demonstrate":[199],"achieves":[204],"high":[205],"This":[212],"first":[215],"work":[216],"takes":[218],"combined":[220],"contributions":[221],"spatial":[226],"orientations":[227],"into":[228],"account":[229],"estimates":[232],"code":[239],"implemented":[240],"this":[242],"article":[243],"be":[245],"found":[246],"<uri":[248],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[249],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://haihan-sun.github.io/GPR.html</uri>":[250],".":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2022-01-26T00:00:00"}