{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205488382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3136648","title":"EisNet: Extracting Bedrock and Internal Layers From Radiostratigraphy of Ice Sheets With Machine Learning","display_name":"EisNet: Extracting Bedrock and Internal Layers From Radiostratigraphy of Ice Sheets With Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205488382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3136648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3136648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3136648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066238822","display_name":"Sheng Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-9262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-9262","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007982287","display_name":"Xueyuan Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6226-4891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136324864","display_name":"Polar Research Institute of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027fn9x30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136324864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyuan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6226-4891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136324864","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038421351","display_name":"Jingxue Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7761-8819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136324864","display_name":"Polar Research Institute of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027fn9x30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136324864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingxue Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136324864","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072390799","display_name":"Lei Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-520X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-520X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358416","display_name":"Xiaofei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0950-8121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101895407","display_name":"B\u043e Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9798-7101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136324864","display_name":"Polar Research Institute of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027fn9x30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136324864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136324864","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.65,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92989769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bedrock","display_name":"Bedrock","score":0.7480462789535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.7105506062507629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4310089945793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3801542818546295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3461127281188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.34165865182876587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137527640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309","display_name":"Bedrock","level":2,"score":0.7480462789535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.7105506062507629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4310089945793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3801542818546295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3461127281188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.34165865182876587}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3136648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3136648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1110722423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016LJ06N652","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327783","funder_display_name":"Leading Talents Program of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G226586347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GXNSFGA380004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322768","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2361424587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41876230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4383252617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFC1509102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5177781353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41941006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5691351651","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u9ad8\u9636\u9762\u6ce2\u9891\u6563\u66f2\u7ebf\u63d0\u53d6\u53ca\u53cd\u6f14\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41974044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322768","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327783","display_name":"Leading Talents Program of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1513512681","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1525091616","https://openalex.org/W1619914159","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1964644714","https://openalex.org/W1973207880","https://openalex.org/W1983246936","https://openalex.org/W1988687366","https://openalex.org/W2001802719","https://openalex.org/W2022193890","https://openalex.org/W2025654646","https://openalex.org/W2028479869","https://openalex.org/W2034239950","https://openalex.org/W2060051051","https://openalex.org/W2075522450","https://openalex.org/W2100514192","https://openalex.org/W2105532180","https://openalex.org/W2115946812","https://openalex.org/W2116641071","https://openalex.org/W2145855833","https://openalex.org/W2146795245","https://openalex.org/W2153663612","https://openalex.org/W2157195397","https://openalex.org/W2160547390","https://openalex.org/W2169438485","https://openalex.org/W2257733968","https://openalex.org/W2314101899","https://openalex.org/W2328729405","https://openalex.org/W2341204401","https://openalex.org/W2345956497","https://openalex.org/W2365488497","https://openalex.org/W2527975919","https://openalex.org/W2535388113","https://openalex.org/W2549904875","https://openalex.org/W2560311620","https://openalex.org/W2605616283","https://openalex.org/W2610779080","https://openalex.org/W2620064236","https://openalex.org/W2622542886","https://openalex.org/W2771124624","https://openalex.org/W2780788577","https://openalex.org/W2883837059","https://openalex.org/W2884976059","https://openalex.org/W2901727108","https://openalex.org/W2904435036","https://openalex.org/W2923222994","https://openalex.org/W2949314186","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963185411","https://openalex.org/W2964046962","https://openalex.org/W2965136591","https://openalex.org/W2971735614","https://openalex.org/W2995550158","https://openalex.org/W3011021584","https://openalex.org/W3012360214","https://openalex.org/W3014980455","https://openalex.org/W3035794919","https://openalex.org/W3081559251","https://openalex.org/W3092922965","https://openalex.org/W3130313995","https://openalex.org/W3131023837","https://openalex.org/W3131260895","https://openalex.org/W3179463534","https://openalex.org/W4231479658","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6713134421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210442660","https://openalex.org/W2000348081","https://openalex.org/W3094599561","https://openalex.org/W1507395039","https://openalex.org/W4385981108","https://openalex.org/W4281636372","https://openalex.org/W2128141425","https://openalex.org/W3007014388","https://openalex.org/W174217001","https://openalex.org/W2014296041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,54,205,219],"ice\u2013bedrock":[1],"interfaces":[2,84],"at":[3],"the":[4,10,15,19,47,58,68,81,103,121,144,152,171,202,224,238,241],"bottoms":[5,50],"of":[6,18,51,57,70,85,109,117,125,138,147,151,154,157,174,229,240,244],"ice":[7,12,20,38,52,71,86,99,158,175,245],"sheets":[8,21],"and":[9,22,30,36,49,79,83,97,123,193,216,226,231],"internal":[11,37,59,98,148],"layers":[13,39,82],"record":[14],"historical":[16],"evolution":[17],"are":[23,92,128,197],"important":[24],"indicators":[25],"for":[26,186,213],"inferring":[27],"glacier":[28],"dynamics":[29],"explaining":[31],"subglacial":[32],"topographies.":[33],"Radar-detected":[34],"bedrock":[35,96],"can":[40,235],"be":[41],"used":[42],"to":[43,76,142,164,199],"observe":[44],"conditions":[45],"in":[46,62,95,167,201,207],"interiors":[48],"sheets.":[53,87],"low":[55],"contrast":[56],"layers\u2019":[60,100],"feature":[61],"radar":[63,118,187],"images,":[64],"as":[65,67],"well":[66],"effects":[69],"flow,":[72],"makes":[73],"it":[74,160],"challenging":[75],"automatically":[77],"extract":[78,143],"trace":[80],"Manual":[88],"or":[89],"semiautomatic":[90],"methods":[91,105,127],"extensively":[93],"applied":[94],"extractions.":[101],"However,":[102],"conventional":[104,126],"require":[106],"large":[107,115],"amounts":[108],"time.":[110],"Especially":[111],"when":[112],"processing":[113,243],"a":[114,134,182],"number":[116],"observation":[119,203],"data,":[120],"accuracy":[122],"efficiency":[124,239],"untoward.":[129],"Therefore,":[130],"we":[131,180],"propose":[132],"EisNet,":[133,179],"fusion":[135],"system":[136],"consisting":[137],"deep":[139],"neural":[140],"networks,":[141],"multiple":[145],"types":[146],"layers.":[149,176],"Because":[150],"rareness":[153],"high-precision":[155],"extraction":[156,215],"layers,":[159],"is":[161],"virtually":[162],"impossible":[163],"train":[165,178],"EisNet":[166,230,234],"observational":[168],"data":[169,209,221],"with":[170],"corresponded":[172],"label":[173],"To":[177],"design":[181],"novel":[183],"synthetic":[184,208],"method":[185],"images":[188],"based":[189],"on":[190],"artifact":[191],"noise":[192,217],"characteristic":[194],"textures":[195],"that":[196,233],"similar":[198],"those":[200],"data.":[204],"validation":[206],"proves":[210],"EisNet\u2019s":[211],"capacity":[212],"layer":[214],"removal.":[218],"field":[220],"application":[222],"shows":[223],"generalization":[225],"adaptation":[227],"abilities":[228],"indicates":[232],"significantly":[236],"improve":[237],"automatic":[242],"sheet":[246],"radiostratigraphy.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
