{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214450543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3125797","title":"A Fast Cartesian Back-Projection Algorithm Based on Ground Surface Grid for GEO SAR Focusing","display_name":"A Fast Cartesian Back-Projection Algorithm Based on Ground Surface Grid for GEO SAR Focusing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214450543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3125797","mag":"3214450543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3125797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3125797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377839","display_name":"Quan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-016X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-016X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003394377","display_name":"Wenkang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4880-0897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenkang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4880-0897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076178410","display_name":"Guang\u2010Cai Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-0863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang-Cai Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-0863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023108164","display_name":"Xiaoxiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-9945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-9945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733760","display_name":"Liang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8291-6850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021408538","display_name":"Mengdao Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4084-0915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengdao Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4084-0915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.4872,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99054845,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.802007794380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7200634479522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6250861287117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geosynchronous-orbit","display_name":"Geosynchronous orbit","score":0.5724930763244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5430556535720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aliasing","display_name":"Aliasing","score":0.5312521457672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.465468168258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.42645686864852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.42562180757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4093826711177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3396618366241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24493491649627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.22622793912887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13797593116760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11605262756347656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.802007794380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7200634479522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6250861287117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94042562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472251","display_name":"Geosynchronous orbit","level":3,"score":0.5724930763244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5430556535720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4069607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868732","display_name":"Aliasing","level":3,"score":0.5312521457672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.465468168258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.42645686864852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.42562180757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4093826711177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3396618366241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24493491649627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.22622793912887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13797593116760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11605262756347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136536468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225894","display_name":"Undersampling","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3125797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3125797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2852784959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61404130124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2987154302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3746249810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61931025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G937306803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61825105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330207","display_name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512065934","https://openalex.org/W1966130798","https://openalex.org/W1997302235","https://openalex.org/W2004865779","https://openalex.org/W2031858497","https://openalex.org/W2046272636","https://openalex.org/W2054086221","https://openalex.org/W2063707453","https://openalex.org/W2116840102","https://openalex.org/W2122238582","https://openalex.org/W2129306709","https://openalex.org/W2137697685","https://openalex.org/W2138863700","https://openalex.org/W2144784770","https://openalex.org/W2151335024","https://openalex.org/W2166520308","https://openalex.org/W2342328337","https://openalex.org/W2539647085","https://openalex.org/W2548917337","https://openalex.org/W2768563621","https://openalex.org/W2774631565","https://openalex.org/W2778988647","https://openalex.org/W2790988947","https://openalex.org/W2809391367","https://openalex.org/W2884771131","https://openalex.org/W2967846015","https://openalex.org/W3003246003","https://openalex.org/W3038128765","https://openalex.org/W3048838410","https://openalex.org/W3151637590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743664886","https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2074347802","https://openalex.org/W1952060579","https://openalex.org/W2617331287","https://openalex.org/W2068843146","https://openalex.org/W2462749609","https://openalex.org/W2086927121","https://openalex.org/W4210472786","https://openalex.org/W1998424290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geosynchronous-Earth-orbit":[0],"(GEO)":[1],"synthetic":[2,18],"aperture":[3,19],"radar":[4],"(SAR)":[5],"provides":[6],"excellent":[7],"continuous":[8],"observing":[9],"capability":[10],"and":[11,24,54,61,124],"large":[12],"swath.":[13],"However,":[14],"the":[15,21,25,34,73,78,83,98,115,125,128,137,140],"extremely":[16],"long":[17],"time,":[20],"curved":[22],"orbit,":[23],"nonplanar":[26],"ground":[27,53,74,85],"surface":[28,75],"cause":[29],"serious":[30],"spatial":[31],"variance":[32],"in":[33],"GEO":[35,65],"SAR":[36],"signal.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"article,":[40],"a":[41,88,105],"novel":[42],"fast":[43],"Cartesian":[44],"back-projection":[45],"(BP)":[46],"algorithm":[47,130],"based":[48],"on":[49,52,72],"subaperture":[50,102,116],"imaging":[51,63,68],"multistage":[55,106],"fusion":[56,108],"is":[57,94,110],"proposed":[58,129,141],"for":[59],"accurately":[60],"efficiently":[62],"of":[64,101,127,139],"SAR.":[66],"The":[67,121],"grids":[69],"are":[70,131],"arranged":[71],"to":[76,96,112],"avoid":[77],"azimuth":[79],"defocusing":[80],"caused":[81],"by":[82],"flat":[84],"approximation.":[86],"Then,":[87],"new":[89],"two-step":[90],"spectrum":[91,99],"compression":[92],"method":[93,109],"derived":[95],"solve":[97],"aliasing":[100],"images.":[103],"Also,":[104],"image":[107],"adopted":[111],"combine":[113],"all":[114],"images":[117],"with":[118],"high":[119],"efficiency.":[120],"computational":[122],"complexity":[123],"approximation":[126],"also":[132],"discussed.":[133],"Simulation":[134],"results":[135],"verify":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"algorithm.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}