{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211275601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3123231","title":"Multiple Instance Graph Learning for Weakly Supervised Remote Sensing Object Detection","display_name":"Multiple Instance Graph Learning for Weakly Supervised Remote Sensing Object Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211275601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3123231","mag":"3211275601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3123231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3123231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043220498","display_name":"Binglu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-4685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binglu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering and the School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Automation Engineering and the School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-4685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering and the School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering and the School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073503029","display_name":"Yongqiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6974-7327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research & Development Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","School of Automation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Automation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6974-7327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943753","display_name":"Xuelong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-946X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuelong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-946X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics, and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.707,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95701241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9577000141143799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7572742700576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6171771883964539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6084457039833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5936722755432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5722947120666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.47004714608192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45871856808662415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.4393611252307892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4388169050216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3535583019256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3445483446121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3223349452018738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3206629753112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19623002409934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.1553477942943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08379232883453369}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7572742700576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6171771883964539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6084457039833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5936722755432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5722947120666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.47004714608192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45871856808662415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4393611252307892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4388169050216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3535583019256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3445483446121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3223349452018738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3206629753112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19623002409934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.1553477942943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08379232883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3123231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3123231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5011888503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018JM6056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7021120139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20180306171146740","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326705","funder_display_name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7692140349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20170815162956949","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326705","funder_display_name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7865873667","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5149\u6805\u9635\u5217\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u504f\u632f\u5149\u8c31\u6210\u50cf\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326705","display_name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7746136","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1953767411","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2017448754","https://openalex.org/W2037143195","https://openalex.org/W2040812261","https://openalex.org/W2070452328","https://openalex.org/W2081865073","https://openalex.org/W2085625911","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113199901","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2133324800","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2220111505","https://openalex.org/W2248800885","https://openalex.org/W2270801692","https://openalex.org/W2342880667","https://openalex.org/W2441255125","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2519284461","https://openalex.org/W2587248218","https://openalex.org/W2604260814","https://openalex.org/W2605793178","https://openalex.org/W2606831796","https://openalex.org/W2614947669","https://openalex.org/W2615981376","https://openalex.org/W2664380602","https://openalex.org/W2779335303","https://openalex.org/W2798748179","https://openalex.org/W2813911573","https://openalex.org/W2888527098","https://openalex.org/W2895403383","https://openalex.org/W2912961521","https://openalex.org/W2963603913","https://openalex.org/W2963949812","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W3019659794","https://openalex.org/W3026303927","https://openalex.org/W3026587394","https://openalex.org/W3035284915","https://openalex.org/W3069380482","https://openalex.org/W3088680480","https://openalex.org/W3095191037","https://openalex.org/W3097947628","https://openalex.org/W3099204742","https://openalex.org/W3108381027","https://openalex.org/W3126494835","https://openalex.org/W3133294450","https://openalex.org/W3134025014","https://openalex.org/W3144293580","https://openalex.org/W3152922554","https://openalex.org/W3152976550","https://openalex.org/W3159160396","https://openalex.org/W3162930275","https://openalex.org/W3170414130","https://openalex.org/W3173957243","https://openalex.org/W3175704361","https://openalex.org/W3176171254","https://openalex.org/W3198298840","https://openalex.org/W6753280777","https://openalex.org/W6782137339","https://openalex.org/W7075742223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703","https://openalex.org/W41015297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weakly":[0],"supervised":[1],"object":[2,26,42],"detection":[3],"(WSOD)":[4],"has":[5],"recently":[6],"attracted":[7],"much":[8],"attention":[9],"in":[10,27,59,63,84],"the":[11,22,36,44,50,70,108,133,138,143,150,180,183],"field":[12],"of":[13,24,40,88,161,182],"remote":[14,64],"sensing,":[15],"where":[16],"only":[17],"image-level":[18],"labels":[19],"that":[20,52,149,154],"distinguish":[21],"existence":[23],"an":[25,41,117],"images":[28,66],"are":[29],"required.":[30],"However,":[31],"existing":[32],"methods":[33],"frequently":[34],"treat":[35],"most":[37],"discriminative":[38],"area":[39],"as":[43],"optimal":[45],"solution":[46],"and,":[47],"meanwhile,":[48],"ignore":[49],"fact":[51],"more":[53],"than":[54],"one":[55],"instance":[56,77,120],"may":[57],"exist":[58],"a":[60,74,94],"certain":[61],"class":[62,135],"sensing":[65],"(RSIs).":[67],"To":[68],"address":[69],"issue,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"unique":[75],"multiple":[76],"graph":[78],"(MIG)":[79],"learning":[80],"framework":[81,153,185],"for":[82,169],"WSOD":[83],"RSIs.":[85],"The":[86],"motivation":[87],"this":[89],"work":[90],"is":[91,100,124,147,159],"twofold:":[92],"1)":[93],"spatial":[95,113],"graph-based":[96,119],"vote":[97],"(SGV)":[98],"mechanism":[99],"proposed":[101,184],"to":[102,127,142,179],"find":[103],"high-quality":[104],"objects":[105],"by":[106,136,186],"collecting":[107],"top-ranking":[109],"votes":[110],"with":[111,132],"highly":[112],"overlap":[114],"and":[115,157,176,188],"2)":[116],"appearance":[118],"mining":[121],"(AGIM)":[122],"model":[123],"further":[125],"constructed":[126],"exploit":[128],"all":[129],"possible":[130],"instances":[131],"same":[134],"propagating":[137],"label":[139],"information":[140],"according":[141],"apparent":[144],"similarity.":[145],"It":[146],"noted":[148],"formulated":[151],"MIG":[152],"collaborates":[155],"SGV":[156],"AGIM":[158],"independent":[160],"extra":[162],"hyperparameters":[163],"or":[164],"annotations.":[165],"Experimental":[166],"results":[167],"reported":[168],"two":[170],"well-known":[171],"benchmarks,":[172],"i.e.,":[173],"NWPU":[174],"VHR-10.v2":[175],"DIOR,":[177],"testify":[178],"superiority":[181],"55.9%":[187],"25.11%":[189],"mAPs.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}