{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208042922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3122515","title":"Multiframe Detection of Sea-Surface Small Target Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"Multiframe Detection of Sea-Surface Small Target Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208042922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3122515","mag":"3208042922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3122515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3122515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026925494","display_name":"Liwu Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-9225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liwu Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-9225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022275919","display_name":"Jinshan Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-0449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinshan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-0449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033797534","display_name":"Zhong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-9233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-9233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026925494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.1814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.991323,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.8582186102867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7585572600364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6628450155258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6554335951805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4960528314113617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4859508275985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-frame","display_name":"Inter frame","score":0.46525317430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.45209887623786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4289702773094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3967757821083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.23747938871383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21701714396476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09998852014541626}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.8582186102867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7585572600364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6628450155258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6554335951805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4960528314113617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4859508275985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39394851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921594","display_name":"Inter frame","level":4,"score":0.46525317430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.45209887623786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4289702773094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3967757821083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.23747938871383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21701714396476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09998852014541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172849965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3148875","display_name":"Reference frame","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3122515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3122515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3802930358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1486305754","https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W1546709507","https://openalex.org/W1973792507","https://openalex.org/W1983834069","https://openalex.org/W1988324566","https://openalex.org/W2018065034","https://openalex.org/W2052240371","https://openalex.org/W2066549015","https://openalex.org/W2067228521","https://openalex.org/W2071114376","https://openalex.org/W2098613108","https://openalex.org/W2123487311","https://openalex.org/W2137062348","https://openalex.org/W2138784338","https://openalex.org/W2166543177","https://openalex.org/W2169170471","https://openalex.org/W2171277075","https://openalex.org/W2176806231","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2304648132","https://openalex.org/W2336589871","https://openalex.org/W2462664206","https://openalex.org/W2552149636","https://openalex.org/W2586283610","https://openalex.org/W2588370006","https://openalex.org/W2595507267","https://openalex.org/W2613397351","https://openalex.org/W2615339091","https://openalex.org/W2624593418","https://openalex.org/W2748542155","https://openalex.org/W2789338453","https://openalex.org/W2789612841","https://openalex.org/W2883758939","https://openalex.org/W2898064738","https://openalex.org/W2900741051","https://openalex.org/W2903288289","https://openalex.org/W2921019392","https://openalex.org/W2956157098","https://openalex.org/W2958693219","https://openalex.org/W2970911204","https://openalex.org/W2975094552","https://openalex.org/W2998102618","https://openalex.org/W4293437100","https://openalex.org/W6695799263","https://openalex.org/W6697974390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357365693","https://openalex.org/W4241527529","https://openalex.org/W1985086688","https://openalex.org/W2161193411","https://openalex.org/W1489399123","https://openalex.org/W1890551406","https://openalex.org/W2146875012","https://openalex.org/W2296151615","https://openalex.org/W1968480679","https://openalex.org/W4231592725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sea-surface":[0],"small":[1,34,99],"target":[2,35,81],"detection":[3,11,30,58,104,110],"is":[4,60],"challenging":[5],"for":[6,32],"maritime":[7],"radar.":[8],"Unfortunately,":[9],"conventional":[10,108],"methods":[12],"are":[13,68],"often":[14],"limited":[15],"to":[16],"complex":[17],"marine":[18],"environment":[19],"and":[20,48,65,75,82,96],"low":[21],"signal-to-clutter":[22],"ratio":[23],"(SCR).":[24],"This":[25],"article":[26],"presents":[27],"a":[28],"multiframe":[29,109],"approach":[31,88,114],"sea-surface":[33,98],"by":[36],"using":[37,70],"deep":[38],"convolutional":[39],"neural":[40],"network.":[41],"The":[42,86],"moving":[43,80],"targets":[44],"can":[45],"be":[46],"reconstructed":[47],"detected":[49],"from":[50],"the":[51,63,71,79,94,107],"sequential":[52],"range\u2013Doppler":[53],"(RD)":[54],"spectra.":[55],"A":[56],"two-step":[57],"framework":[59],"proposed,":[61],"where":[62],"intraframe":[64],"interframe":[66,76],"detections":[67],"achieved":[69],"differences":[72],"in":[73],"features":[74],"correlations":[77],"between":[78],"sea":[83],"clutter,":[84],"respectively.":[85],"proposed":[87],"has":[89],"been":[90],"verified":[91],"on":[92],"both":[93],"simulated":[95],"real":[97],"targets,":[100],"which":[101],"shows":[102],"better":[103],"performance":[105],"than":[106],"algorithms.":[111],"Additionally,":[112],"this":[113],"exhibits":[115],"acceptable":[116],"generalization":[117],"ability.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}