{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205214240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3120026","title":"Characterizing and Mitigating Digital Sampling Effects on the CYGNSS Level 1 Calibration","display_name":"Characterizing and Mitigating Digital Sampling Effects on the CYGNSS Level 1 Calibration","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205214240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3120026","mag":"3205214240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3120026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3120026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076946918","display_name":"Scott Gleason","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799356940","display_name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhhyn23","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) Program, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) Program, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033453530","display_name":"Mohammad M. Al-Khaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-5909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799356940","display_name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhhyn23","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad M. Al-Khaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) Program, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-5909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) Program, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076495698","display_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and the Department of Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and the Department of Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022152022","display_name":"Darren McKague","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren S. McKague","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030490522","display_name":"Tianlin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-5915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianlin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-5915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049423771","display_name":"Anthony Russel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Russel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3734,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78447309,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6411711573600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6340686082839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6207363605499268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6140148043632507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.5743852257728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.46996328234672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.42881470918655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.42421072721481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4215262532234192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35396602749824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3114587664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21976974606513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16054898500442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13785982131958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12147113680839539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10985749959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08405211567878723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6411711573600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6340686082839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6207363605499268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6140148043632507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.5743852257728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.46996328234672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.42881470918655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.42421072721481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4215262532234192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35396602749824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3114587664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21976974606513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16054898500442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13785982131958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12147113680839539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10985749959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08405211567878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3120026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3120026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842530620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNL13AQ00C (CyGNSS)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W647704091","https://openalex.org/W1508678788","https://openalex.org/W1556854451","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1994393765","https://openalex.org/W2017225104","https://openalex.org/W2022050692","https://openalex.org/W2030209988","https://openalex.org/W2059414870","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2109031543","https://openalex.org/W2136574164","https://openalex.org/W2321482666","https://openalex.org/W2329472099","https://openalex.org/W2418656536","https://openalex.org/W2524127322","https://openalex.org/W2528581612","https://openalex.org/W2605990263","https://openalex.org/W2609657400","https://openalex.org/W2774327481","https://openalex.org/W2801770031","https://openalex.org/W2803212219","https://openalex.org/W2807836695","https://openalex.org/W2885395251","https://openalex.org/W2909481090","https://openalex.org/W2912094294","https://openalex.org/W2912787468","https://openalex.org/W2916909768","https://openalex.org/W2955106889","https://openalex.org/W2966590131","https://openalex.org/W2978354175","https://openalex.org/W2978496333","https://openalex.org/W2981997856","https://openalex.org/W2982976794","https://openalex.org/W2984353343","https://openalex.org/W2987836006","https://openalex.org/W2997873483","https://openalex.org/W3014159751","https://openalex.org/W3020649642","https://openalex.org/W3024756036","https://openalex.org/W3025688227","https://openalex.org/W3131327094","https://openalex.org/W3135873562","https://openalex.org/W3143988679","https://openalex.org/W3158468663","https://openalex.org/W6772818124","https://openalex.org/W6775139611","https://openalex.org/W6907350168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W1988145424","https://openalex.org/W20579766","https://openalex.org/W2601478304","https://openalex.org/W2071552392","https://openalex.org/W2765783544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,79],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3],"detailed":[4],"examination":[5],"of":[6,19,47,126,142,178,195],"fluctuating":[7,66],"input":[8],"noise":[9,49,89,118],"power":[10,68],"levels":[11],"on":[12,33,51,163,185],"the":[13,20,30,34,53,65,70,122,127,132,143,148,172,179,200],"analog-to-digital":[14],"convertor":[15],"(ADC)":[16],"sampling":[17,73,124,154,202],"hardware":[18],"NASA":[21],"Cyclone":[22],"Global":[23,93],"Navigation":[24,94],"Satellite":[25,95,104],"System":[26,96,105,112],"(CYGNSS)":[27],"instruments":[28],"and":[29,56,75,107,114,150,198,214],"associated":[31],"impacts":[32,69,177],"level":[35,133,187],"1":[36,134,188],"normalized":[37],"bistatic":[38],"radar":[39],"cross":[40],"section":[41],"(NBRCS)":[42],"estimation":[43,136],"performance.":[44],"The":[45,176],"impact":[46],"external":[48],"variations":[50,90,155],"both":[52,147],"CYGNSS":[54,128,186],"science":[55,149],"navigation":[57,151],"channels":[58],"is":[59,156,159],"quantified":[60],"with":[61],"respect":[62],"to":[63,92,170],"how":[64],"received":[67],"low-level":[71],"ADC":[72,153],"distribution":[74,125],"subsequent":[76],"NBRCS":[77,135],"estimation.":[78],"work":[80,184],"demonstrates":[81],"that":[82,115],"there":[83],"are":[84,190],"clear":[85],"quantifiable":[86],"geospatially":[87],"dependent":[88],"linked":[91],"(GNSS)":[97],"space-based":[98],"augmentation":[99],"systems":[100],"[notably":[101],"Japanese":[102],"Quasi-Zenith":[103],"(QZSS)":[106],"U.S.":[108],"Wide":[109],"Area":[110],"Augmentation":[111],"(WAAS)]":[113],"these":[116],"additional":[117],"sources":[119],"significantly":[120],"alter":[121],"digital":[123,201],"instruments,":[129],"actively":[130],"degrading":[131],"if":[137],"not":[138],"corrected.":[139],"A":[140],"derivation":[141],"theoretical":[144],"correction":[145],"for":[146,208],"channel":[152],"presented":[157],"which":[158],"later":[160],"tuned":[161],"based":[162],"empirical":[164],"performance":[165],"metrics":[166],"in":[167,182],"an":[168],"effort":[169],"minimize":[171],"induced":[173],"calibration":[174,189],"errors.":[175],"enhancements":[180],"outlined":[181],"this":[183],"evaluated":[191],"using":[192,204],"one":[193],"year":[194],"observations":[196],"before":[197],"after":[199],"corrections,":[203],"model":[205],"European":[206],"Centre":[207],"Medium-Range":[209],"Weather":[210],"Forecasts":[211],"(ECMWF)":[212],"wind":[213],"Wavewatch":[215],"III":[216],"mean":[217],"square":[218],"slope":[219],"(MSS)":[220],"surface":[221],"validation":[222],"datasets.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}