{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203571499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3115136","title":"Geographically Weighted Spatial Unmixing for Spatiotemporal Fusion","display_name":"Geographically Weighted Spatial Unmixing for Spatiotemporal Fusion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203571499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3115136","mag":"3203571499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3115136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3115136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055719885","display_name":"Kaidi Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-009X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaidi Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-009X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005729523","display_name":"Qunming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-0939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qunming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-0939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070470699","display_name":"Yijie Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-4476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijie Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-4476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039348214","display_name":"Xiaohua Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-3797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohua Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-3797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000622487","display_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-6880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-6880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055719885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85555687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6089159250259399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6070900559425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.605507493019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5456051826477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.49625545740127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4874749183654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4848981499671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.419051855802536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4174148142337799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.41316521167755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.41300612688064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35802704095840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.34617146849632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18823027610778809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16242840886116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.13207882642745972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6089159250259399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6070900559425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.605507493019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5456051826477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.49625545740127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4874749183654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4848981499671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.419051855802536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4174148142337799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.41316521167755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.41300612688064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35802704095840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34617146849632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18823027610778809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16242840886116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.13207882642745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3115136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3115136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:162911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2350366763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4686674456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"02502350047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322449","funder_display_name":"Tongji University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6568249734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22120210495","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8971197728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322449","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545165258","https://openalex.org/W1588434184","https://openalex.org/W1606287664","https://openalex.org/W1614886892","https://openalex.org/W1840202565","https://openalex.org/W1966711117","https://openalex.org/W1968562013","https://openalex.org/W1969337051","https://openalex.org/W1970243482","https://openalex.org/W1970515153","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1982956952","https://openalex.org/W1996747841","https://openalex.org/W2003224325","https://openalex.org/W2006419537","https://openalex.org/W2013140666","https://openalex.org/W2023306858","https://openalex.org/W2027756597","https://openalex.org/W2031596845","https://openalex.org/W2050225888","https://openalex.org/W2051372842","https://openalex.org/W2055007440","https://openalex.org/W2056811372","https://openalex.org/W2061929982","https://openalex.org/W2082199675","https://openalex.org/W2082263501","https://openalex.org/W2086959678","https://openalex.org/W2088603520","https://openalex.org/W2089490780","https://openalex.org/W2089925545","https://openalex.org/W2102417376","https://openalex.org/W2110303631","https://openalex.org/W2124073857","https://openalex.org/W2155840753","https://openalex.org/W2159269332","https://openalex.org/W2165651437","https://openalex.org/W2171211028","https://openalex.org/W2199807383","https://openalex.org/W2200350976","https://openalex.org/W2217449633","https://openalex.org/W2224309144","https://openalex.org/W2485576679","https://openalex.org/W2564730549","https://openalex.org/W2767886251","https://openalex.org/W2793046539","https://openalex.org/W2793445582","https://openalex.org/W2795018073","https://openalex.org/W2931894371","https://openalex.org/W2938854198","https://openalex.org/W2939570633","https://openalex.org/W2990083984","https://openalex.org/W3000483774","https://openalex.org/W3001892559","https://openalex.org/W3004121545","https://openalex.org/W3026124902","https://openalex.org/W3046571487","https://openalex.org/W3048393253","https://openalex.org/W3096444413","https://openalex.org/W3128308689","https://openalex.org/W3150173897","https://openalex.org/W3159926663","https://openalex.org/W3164621773","https://openalex.org/W6684197827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W2088899772","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2139242969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2549658594","https://openalex.org/W4289655544","https://openalex.org/W2044092692","https://openalex.org/W2547665164"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatiotemporal":[0],"fusion":[1,238],"is":[2,28,55,80,128],"a":[3,29,56,69,99,104,129,241,252],"technique":[4],"applied":[5],"to":[6,112,163,183,233,263],"create":[7],"images":[8,18],"with":[9,19,148],"both":[10],"fine":[11,94],"spatial":[12,21,48,95,115],"and":[13,22,120,142,178,267],"temporal":[14,23],"resolutions":[15],"by":[16,218],"blending":[17],"different":[20],"resolutions.":[24],"Spatial":[25],"unmixing":[26,77],"(SU)":[27],"widely":[30],"used":[31,262],"approach":[32],"for":[33,133,169,255],"spatiotemporal":[34,125,237,257],"fusion,":[35,258],"which":[36,79,259],"requires":[37],"only":[38],"the":[39,76,83,86,92,114,122,138,149,172,186,194,198,208,220,224],"minimum":[40],"number":[41,88,187],"of":[42,47,85,89,124,176,188,197],"input":[43],"images.":[44],"However,":[45],"ignorance":[46],"variation":[49,116],"in":[50,59,68,75,91,117,206,240],"land":[51,118],"cover":[52,119],"between":[53,193],"pixels":[54],"common":[57],"issue":[58],"existing":[60,139,159,214,265],"SU":[61,107,135],"methods.":[62],"For":[63],"example,":[64],"all":[65,212],"coarse":[66],"neighbors":[67],"local":[70],"window":[71],"are":[72],"treated":[73],"equally":[74],"model,":[78],"inappropriate.":[81],"Moreover,":[82,223],"determination":[84],"appropriate":[87],"clusters":[90],"known":[93],"resolution":[96],"image":[97],"remains":[98],"challenge.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"article,":[103],"geographically":[105,151,166],"weighted":[106,152,167],"(SU-GW)":[108],"method":[109],"was":[110,181,204,231],"proposed":[111,150],"address":[113],"increase":[121],"accuracy":[123],"fusion.":[126],"SU-GW":[127,203,221,228,250],"general":[130,253],"model":[131],"suitable":[132],"any":[134],"method.":[136],"Specifically,":[137],"regularized":[140],"version":[141,145,230],"soft":[143],"classification-based":[144],"were":[146,161,216],"extended":[147,162],"scheme,":[153],"producing":[154],"24":[155,199],"versions":[156,160,200],"(i.e.,":[157],"12":[158,164,213],"corresponding":[165],"versions)":[168],"SU.":[170],"Furthermore,":[171],"cluster":[173],"validity":[174],"index":[175],"Xie":[177],"Beni":[179],"(XB)":[180],"introduced":[182],"determine":[184],"automatically":[185],"clusters.":[189],"A":[190],"systematic":[191],"comparison":[192],"experimental":[195],"results":[196],"indicated":[201],"that":[202,249],"effective":[205],"increasing":[207],"prediction":[209],"accuracy.":[210],"Importantly,":[211],"methods":[215,266],"enhanced":[217,229],"integrating":[219],"scheme.":[222],"identified":[225],"most":[226],"accurate":[227],"demonstrated":[232],"outperform":[234],"two":[235],"prevailing":[236],"approaches":[239],"benchmark":[242],"comparison.":[243],"Therefore,":[244],"it":[245],"can":[246,260],"be":[247,261],"concluded":[248],"provides":[251],"solution":[254],"enhancing":[256],"update":[264],"future":[268],"potential":[269],"versions.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
