{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203663162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3103122","title":"Spectral Algorithm in Waves Profiling and Prediction From Radar Backscatter","display_name":"Spectral Algorithm in Waves Profiling and Prediction From Radar Backscatter","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203663162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3103122","mag":"3203663162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3103122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3103122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062612280","display_name":"Mustafa Al-Ani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8232-513X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143477","display_name":"Toshiba (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/054hmd463","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757","https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Al-Ani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bristol Research and Innovation Laboratory, Toshiba Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8232-513X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bristol Research and Innovation Laboratory, Toshiba Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045469374","display_name":"Michael Belmont","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-8110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Belmont","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017650103","display_name":"Tony de Paolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-8346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150209017","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/04v7hvq31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony de Paolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-8346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5284,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81297026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11604","display_name":"Ship Hydrodynamics and Maneuverability","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7084147334098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6114370226860046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5887858867645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.5763312578201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.543594241142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5245345234870911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.44172215461730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.4416370391845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27472859621047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21914342045783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14198538661003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.09719982743263245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7084147334098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6114370226860046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5887858867645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.5763312578201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.543594241142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5245345234870911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.44172215461730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.4416370391845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27472859621047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21914342045783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14198538661003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.09719982743263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3103122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3103122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3279706077","display_name":"Dynamic Environment Prediction: safe launch and recovery in high sea states: Part of The Launch and Recovery Co-Creation Initiative.","funder_award_id":"EP/N009142/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5367039685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N009142/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632048953","https://openalex.org/W1776502976","https://openalex.org/W1980956992","https://openalex.org/W2011203919","https://openalex.org/W2017316460","https://openalex.org/W2018046735","https://openalex.org/W2027282652","https://openalex.org/W2032482428","https://openalex.org/W2037476789","https://openalex.org/W2060850685","https://openalex.org/W2061366184","https://openalex.org/W2087105482","https://openalex.org/W2094144426","https://openalex.org/W2102325836","https://openalex.org/W2113329640","https://openalex.org/W2125441934","https://openalex.org/W2127316913","https://openalex.org/W2128412998","https://openalex.org/W2135031801","https://openalex.org/W2248208745","https://openalex.org/W2312433498","https://openalex.org/W2342253746","https://openalex.org/W2414503607","https://openalex.org/W2550473549","https://openalex.org/W2556278484","https://openalex.org/W2565588201","https://openalex.org/W2765704349","https://openalex.org/W2772147441","https://openalex.org/W2921125637","https://openalex.org/W3013354542","https://openalex.org/W3195174287","https://openalex.org/W4244870393","https://openalex.org/W6636580506","https://openalex.org/W6693394903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170068767","https://openalex.org/W2152914184","https://openalex.org/W2580755848","https://openalex.org/W1537845529","https://openalex.org/W2037217994","https://openalex.org/W3015741106","https://openalex.org/W2006246348","https://openalex.org/W2158654188","https://openalex.org/W1585281834","https://openalex.org/W2053079213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"X-band":[1],"radars":[2],"constitute":[3],"a":[4,45,98,208],"convenient":[5],"cheap":[6],"source":[7],"of":[8,30,100,225],"measurements":[9],"for":[10],"deterministic":[11],"sea":[12,48,95,210],"wave":[13,41,75,121,195,233],"profiling":[14,76,122],"and":[15,43,68,123,135,173,231,235],"prediction.":[16,124],"The":[17,197],"radar":[18,51,101,120,136,232],"backscatter":[19,204],"measurements,":[20],"however,":[21],"suffer":[22],"from":[23,97,207],"several":[24,81,115],"imperfections":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"the":[28,40,89,94,128,154,186,194,223,226],"effects":[29,139],"larger":[31],"waves":[32],"shadowing":[33],"smaller":[34],"waves.":[35],"In":[36,103],"order":[37],"to":[38,64,87,130,183,218],"extract":[39],"profiles":[42],"build":[44],"reliable":[46],"(spectral)":[47],"model,":[49],"multiple":[50],"scans":[52],"must":[53],"be":[54,181],"processed.":[55],"A":[56,212],"technique":[57,199,228],"based":[58],"on":[59],"3DFFT":[60,86,118],"has":[61,69,127],"been":[62,70],"proven":[63],"show":[65],"promising":[66],"results":[67],"implemented":[71],"in":[72,93,119,153,229,237],"commercially":[73],"available":[74],"radars.":[77],"Nonetheless,":[78],"there":[79],"are":[80],"drawbacks":[82],"associated":[83],"with":[84,140],"using":[85,170,202],"determine":[88],"phase-resolved":[90],"spectral":[91,110,188],"coefficients":[92],"model":[96],"number":[99],"scans.":[102],"this":[104],"article,":[105],"we":[106],"present":[107],"an":[108,151],"alternative":[109],"approach":[111],"that":[112,190],"can":[113,149,180,191],"offer":[114,150],"advantages":[116],"over":[117],"First,":[125],"it":[126,148,179],"ability":[129],"directly":[131],"handle":[132],"ship":[133],"movement":[134],"rotation":[137],"antenna":[138],"no":[141],"approximation,":[142],"interpolation,":[143],"or":[144],"extra":[145],"cost.":[146],"Second,":[147],"increase":[152],"output":[155],"update":[156],"rate":[157],"by":[158,165,174],"eliminating":[159],"repeating":[160],"computations,":[161],"which":[162],"is":[163,200,215],"achieved":[164],"its":[166,175],"recursive":[167],"nature":[168],"(i.e.,":[169],"past":[171],"output)":[172],"multistep":[176],"architecture.":[177],"Third,":[178],"set":[182],"readily":[184],"target":[185],"relative":[187],"components":[189],"best":[192],"describe":[193],"field.":[196],"proposed":[198,227],"evaluated":[201],"raw":[203],"field":[205],"data":[206],"dedicated":[209],"trial.":[211],"simulation":[213],"study":[214],"also":[216],"included":[217],"gain":[219],"more":[220],"understanding":[221],"about":[222],"performance":[224],"particular":[230],"sensing":[234],"prediction":[236],"general.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}