{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192433787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3096011","title":"Self-Trained Target Detection of Radar and Sonar Images Using Automatic Deep Learning","display_name":"Self-Trained Target Detection of Radar and Sonar Images Using Automatic Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192433787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3096011","mag":"3192433787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3096011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3096011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102005834","display_name":"Peng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5710-165X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103119104","display_name":"Jinsong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-3786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019218424","display_name":"Heping Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2798-1430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heping Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004719168","display_name":"Mingqiang Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-268X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingqiang Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327099","display_name":"Dandan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9638-1247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157719","display_name":"Yancheng Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8njc86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dandan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of automation, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China","Institute of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of automation, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101699126","display_name":"Ke Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102005834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6996,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97732928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.7246596813201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.6677122116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6070126891136169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5988641977310181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5959452390670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5594465732574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-lock-on","display_name":"Radar lock-on","score":0.4626828730106354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.43356454372406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.41055455803871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.393574595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.38731664419174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.35201555490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11500895023345947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.7246596813201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.6677122116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6070126891136169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5988641977310181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5959452390670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5594465732574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185565061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878284","display_name":"Radar lock-on","level":5,"score":0.4626828730106354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.43356454372406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.41055455803871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.393574595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.38731664419174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.35201555490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11500895023345947}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3096011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3096011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5674854128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61671461","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2019968300","https://openalex.org/W2037437396","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2774244034","https://openalex.org/W2810075754","https://openalex.org/W2894651257","https://openalex.org/W2900193097","https://openalex.org/W2904480641","https://openalex.org/W2913527107","https://openalex.org/W2928870406","https://openalex.org/W2961699889","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964444661","https://openalex.org/W2966284335","https://openalex.org/W2985228975","https://openalex.org/W2991391304","https://openalex.org/W3002054420","https://openalex.org/W3016975790","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3032638656","https://openalex.org/W3033704735","https://openalex.org/W3034326778","https://openalex.org/W3106753828","https://openalex.org/W4288325606","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6693919493","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6763233178","https://openalex.org/W6764322716","https://openalex.org/W6765847629","https://openalex.org/W6777046832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807545795","https://openalex.org/W604796468","https://openalex.org/W1655692855","https://openalex.org/W3197814663","https://openalex.org/W4296425733","https://openalex.org/W2103897432","https://openalex.org/W3185046528","https://openalex.org/W4285814362","https://openalex.org/W1976542631","https://openalex.org/W3153848074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"deep":[1],"learning":[2,50,235],"(DL)":[3],"detectors":[4,165,180,226,236],"adopted":[5],"by":[6,87,142,173],"radar":[7],"or":[8],"sonar":[9,192],"(RS)":[10],"are":[11,57,166,215,248],"normally":[12],"trained":[13],"with":[14,131,168,228],"transfer":[15,49,78,234],"learning,":[16,79],"where":[17],"the":[18,37,42,75,169,182,190,203],"typical":[19],"workflow":[20],"is":[21,85,119,140,151],"to":[22,73,93,153],"pretrain":[23],"a":[24,80,106,125],"convolutional":[25],"neural":[26],"network":[27],"(CNN)":[28],"on":[29,45,65,77,160,181],"external":[30],"large-scale":[31],"classification":[32,108],"datasets":[33],"(e.g.,":[34],"ImageNet)":[35],"as":[36],"backbone":[38,171],"and":[39,60,72,117,135,148,156,189,213,218,237,242],"then":[40],"finetune":[41],"entire":[43],"detector":[44],"detection":[46,83,100,122,186,195,240,244],"datasets.":[47,67,123],"Though":[48],"could":[51],"effectively":[52],"avoid":[53],"overfitting,":[54],"transferred":[55],"models":[56],"usually":[58],"redundant":[59],"might":[61],"not":[62],"generalize":[63],"well":[64],"RS":[66],"To":[68],"achieve":[69,238],"high":[70,243],"generalization":[71],"eliminate":[74],"dependence":[76],"self-trained":[81,98,163,178,224],"target":[82,99,194],"method":[84],"established":[86],"including":[88],"Automatic":[89],"Deep":[90],"Learning":[91],"(AutoDL)":[92],"design":[94,155],"optimal":[95,158],"detectors.":[96],"This":[97],"consists":[101],"of":[102,112,115,205,207,220,222],"three":[103,177],"stages.":[104],"First,":[105],"derived":[107,120],"dataset":[109,187,196],"(DCD)":[110],"consisting":[111],"image":[113],"blocks":[114],"targets":[116],"backgrounds":[118],"from":[121],"Then,":[124],"memory-efficient":[126],"Differentiable":[127],"Architecture":[128],"Search":[129],"algorithm":[130],"flexible":[132],"search":[133],"space":[134],"large":[136],"inputs":[137],"(FL-DARTS),":[138],"which":[139],"characterized":[141],"its":[143],"predefined":[144],"multistride":[145],"convolutions,":[146],"poolings,":[147],"unique":[149],"super-structure,":[150],"proposed":[152],"automatically":[154],"self-train":[157],"CNNs":[159],"DCDs.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"AutoDL":[164,179,225],"implemented":[167,227],"automatic":[170,208,229],"designed":[172,210],"FL-DARTS.":[174],"We":[175],"evaluated":[176],"public":[183],"SAR":[184],"ship":[185],"(SSDD)":[188],"self-made":[191],"common":[193],"(SCTD).":[197],"The":[198],"experiments":[199],"show":[200],"that":[201,221],"while":[202],"number":[204],"parameters":[206],"backbones":[209,230],"for":[211],"SSDD":[212],"SCTD":[214],"only":[216],"11.8&#x0025;":[217],"15.2&#x0025;":[219],"ResNet50,":[223],"significantly":[231],"outperform":[232],"their":[233],"state-of-the-art":[239],"precisions":[241],"speeds.":[245],"Data,":[246],"codes":[247],"publicly":[249],"available.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
