{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186515567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3093555","title":"Statistical Global Investigation of Pre-Earthquake Anomalous Geomagnetic Diurnal Variation Using Superposed Epoch Analysis","display_name":"Statistical Global Investigation of Pre-Earthquake Anomalous Geomagnetic Diurnal Variation Using Superposed Epoch Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186515567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3093555","mag":"3186515567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3093555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3093555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056332684","display_name":"Khairul Adib Yusof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-5356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khairul Adib Yusof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia","Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-5356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053280209","display_name":"Mardina Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0725-2852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mardina Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049201804","display_name":"Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-5921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-5921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053099940","display_name":"Suaidi Ahadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802461946","display_name":"Meteorological, Climatological, And Geophysical Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/043xhrz72","country_code":"ID","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802461946"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suaidi Ahadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geophysics, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, Jakarta, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geophysics, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, Jakarta, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802461946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029606164","display_name":"Essam Ghamry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1556-2172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112040","display_name":"National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01cb2rv04","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112040"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Essam Ghamry","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1556-2172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112040"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85863336,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11786","display_name":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earths-magnetic-field","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","score":0.9104006290435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epoch","display_name":"Epoch (astronomy)","score":0.693140983581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.6695617437362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diurnal-temperature-variation","display_name":"Diurnal temperature variation","score":0.6403859853744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer","display_name":"Magnetometer","score":0.6027141809463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5803824663162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-analysis","display_name":"Statistical analysis","score":0.50177001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.46694672107696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.4641825556755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.4598539471626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-time","display_name":"Local time","score":0.42872828245162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomagnetic-secular-variation","display_name":"Geomagnetic secular variation","score":0.4138648211956024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.3827399015426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomagnetic-storm","display_name":"Geomagnetic storm","score":0.3572781980037689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.2979646623134613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.2313176691532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19194313883781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.12761586904525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12103217840194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11789974570274353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.9104006290435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780317896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703","display_name":"Epoch (astronomy)","level":3,"score":0.693140983581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6695617437362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167678106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759","display_name":"Diurnal temperature variation","level":2,"score":0.6403859853744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.6027141809463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5803824663162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.50177001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.46694672107696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4641825556755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4598539471626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41479618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3883775","display_name":"Local time","level":2,"score":0.42872828245162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149951536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535443","display_name":"Geomagnetic secular variation","level":5,"score":0.4138648211956024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.3827399015426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170641098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130011","display_name":"Geomagnetic storm","level":4,"score":0.3572781980037689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.2979646623134613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.2313176691532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19194313883781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.12761586904525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12103217840194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11789974570274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3093555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3093555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:103292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103292/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196260","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","host_organization_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8944769414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UKM/01/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541789332","https://openalex.org/W1546652107","https://openalex.org/W1643567666","https://openalex.org/W1688299965","https://openalex.org/W1973034713","https://openalex.org/W1977037904","https://openalex.org/W1982918096","https://openalex.org/W1998983070","https://openalex.org/W2000238553","https://openalex.org/W2001801524","https://openalex.org/W2009965010","https://openalex.org/W2014674958","https://openalex.org/W2015224847","https://openalex.org/W2020057897","https://openalex.org/W2028542556","https://openalex.org/W2033398965","https://openalex.org/W2037392680","https://openalex.org/W2038580219","https://openalex.org/W2039717137","https://openalex.org/W2049441518","https://openalex.org/W2061385703","https://openalex.org/W2062393835","https://openalex.org/W2062871370","https://openalex.org/W2066760920","https://openalex.org/W2091773968","https://openalex.org/W2103437663","https://openalex.org/W2109946436","https://openalex.org/W2129777446","https://openalex.org/W2142658304","https://openalex.org/W2161610847","https://openalex.org/W2254706409","https://openalex.org/W2502715131","https://openalex.org/W2505054656","https://openalex.org/W2515663241","https://openalex.org/W2520586263","https://openalex.org/W2532189188","https://openalex.org/W2779518068","https://openalex.org/W2789620874","https://openalex.org/W2810337957","https://openalex.org/W2888147263","https://openalex.org/W2891114678","https://openalex.org/W2902075070","https://openalex.org/W2908043440","https://openalex.org/W2913000865","https://openalex.org/W2918425741","https://openalex.org/W2953581136","https://openalex.org/W2955610508","https://openalex.org/W2980992839","https://openalex.org/W2996310735","https://openalex.org/W2997111965","https://openalex.org/W3015764632","https://openalex.org/W3046494982","https://openalex.org/W3125933489","https://openalex.org/W3130279457","https://openalex.org/W3194099847","https://openalex.org/W4246512472","https://openalex.org/W4253920039","https://openalex.org/W6771733376"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108094716","https://openalex.org/W3021118971","https://openalex.org/W1481048971","https://openalex.org/W2149862736","https://openalex.org/W2902780058","https://openalex.org/W2802927954","https://openalex.org/W2114672627","https://openalex.org/W1912510943","https://openalex.org/W2049634158","https://openalex.org/W2161403030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"studies":[1],"reported":[2],"that":[3,78,116,150,207,235],"the":[4,8,20,28,55,63,107,117,121,130,137,140,151,158,171,187,195,203,208,222,228,236,245],"diurnal":[5,29,118],"variation":[6,30,119],"of":[7,23,43,75,120,139,173,182,189,227],"geomagnetic":[9,88,123,178],"field":[10,89],"exhibited":[11],"anomalous":[12],"characteristics":[13],"several":[14,214],"months":[15],"before":[16,129,170],"earthquakes":[17],"(EQs).":[18],"However,":[19],"statistical":[21],"significance":[22],"such":[24],"anomalies":[25,153,183,237],"detected":[26],"using":[27,86],"range":[31],"ratio":[32],"(DVRR)":[33],"method":[34,57,142],"still":[35],"requires":[36],"verification":[37],"as":[38],"only":[39],"a":[40,70,127,198],"limited":[41],"number":[42,181],"EQs":[44,77,174,190],"occurring":[45],"in":[46,60,143,167],"certain":[47],"seismoactive":[48],"zones":[49],"were":[50,84,154,210,238,241],"included.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53,232],"study,":[54],"DVRR":[56,141],"was":[58],"employed":[59],"conjunction":[61],"with":[62,191],"superposed":[64],"epoch":[65],"analysis":[66,201],"(SEA)":[67],"to":[68,244],"perform":[69],"large-scale":[71],"study.":[72],"A":[73],"total":[74],"157":[76],"occurred":[79],"between":[80,194],"2000":[81],"and":[82,213,224,240],"2019":[83],"investigated":[85],"vast":[87],"data":[90],"collected":[91],"from":[92,231],"92":[93],"ground-based":[94],"magnetometer":[95],"stations":[96],"spread":[97],"across":[98],"multiple":[99],"global":[100],"regions.":[101],"The":[102,132,160,180],"case":[103,133],"study":[104,134,233],"conducted":[105],"on":[106,221],"May":[108],"13,":[109],"2011,":[110],"M6.1":[111],"Honshu":[112],"(Japan)":[113],"EQ":[114],"showed":[115,234],"vertical":[122],"component":[124],"disappeared":[125],"around":[126],"week":[128],"EQ.":[131],"also":[135],"demonstrated":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"minimizing":[144],"solar":[145],"disturbance":[146],"influences,":[147],"further":[148],"proving":[149],"observed":[152],"not":[155,211],"caused":[156],"by":[157,205],"Sun.":[159],"subsequent":[161],"SEA":[162],"revealed":[163],"statistically":[164],"significant":[165,239],"increases":[166,209],"anomaly":[168],"counts":[169],"occurrence":[172],"for":[175],"all":[176],"three":[177],"components.":[179,196],"gradually":[184],"increased":[185],"approaching":[186],"day":[188],"temporal":[192],"lags":[193],"Furthermore,":[197],"control":[199],"group":[200],"confirmed":[202],"findings":[204],"demonstrating":[206],"coincidental":[212],"explanations":[215],"have":[216],"been":[217],"suggested,":[218],"focusing":[219],"primarily":[220],"emergence":[223],"generation":[225],"mechanisms":[226],"anomalies.":[229],"Results":[230],"potentially":[242],"precursors":[243],"succeeding":[246],"EQs.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
