{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4232739445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3091907","title":"Effects of Rough Hail Scattering on Polarimetric Variables","display_name":"Effects of Rough Hail Scattering on Polarimetric Variables","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4232739445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3091907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3091907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3091907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073323037","display_name":"Djordje Mirkovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-4100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194601409","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04j91ny53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Djordje Mirkovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-4100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194601409","https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054024284","display_name":"Du\u0161an S. Zrni\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-6398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusan S. Zrnic","raw_affiliation_strings":["NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","School of Meteorology and the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Meteorology and the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054850351","display_name":"Valery Melnikov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-1382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194601409","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04j91ny53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valery Melnikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194601409","https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426092","display_name":"Pengfei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-4407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194601409","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04j91ny53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194601409","https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67465532,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.8286970257759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.7187268733978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.647320032119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.5677933692932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.5642834901809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.5441750288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5139397978782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.46069902181625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.43790143728256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-radar","display_name":"Weather radar","score":0.43437016010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.40247124433517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.34188026189804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30730119347572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2894246578216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28739988803863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.17238926887512207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.8286970257759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.7187268733978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.647320032119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.5677933692932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.5642834901809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5441750288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5139397978782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.46069902181625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.43790143728256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92237259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863343","display_name":"Weather radar","level":3,"score":0.43437016010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40247124433517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.34188026189804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30730119347572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2894246578216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28739988803863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.17238926887512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3091907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3091907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:32006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3091907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196172","display_name":"NOAA Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4349304107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA16OAR4320072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/04chq2495"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1837369703","https://openalex.org/W1994182353","https://openalex.org/W1996396822","https://openalex.org/W2003267527","https://openalex.org/W2008738301","https://openalex.org/W2025881907","https://openalex.org/W2029785710","https://openalex.org/W2032496253","https://openalex.org/W2036869386","https://openalex.org/W2040035439","https://openalex.org/W2040042389","https://openalex.org/W2040801070","https://openalex.org/W2057436490","https://openalex.org/W2059044071","https://openalex.org/W2060824186","https://openalex.org/W2068837011","https://openalex.org/W2078494231","https://openalex.org/W2083558845","https://openalex.org/W2089195393","https://openalex.org/W2098421255","https://openalex.org/W2101902804","https://openalex.org/W2119610585","https://openalex.org/W2130102791","https://openalex.org/W2130590565","https://openalex.org/W2155393662","https://openalex.org/W2161486819","https://openalex.org/W2168828928","https://openalex.org/W2170389887","https://openalex.org/W2173374798","https://openalex.org/W2174908132","https://openalex.org/W2176306107","https://openalex.org/W2179785364","https://openalex.org/W2272724481","https://openalex.org/W2529403448","https://openalex.org/W2533585192","https://openalex.org/W2564634893","https://openalex.org/W2604141748","https://openalex.org/W2613574699","https://openalex.org/W2889507961","https://openalex.org/W2902375286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066181770","https://openalex.org/W2386922414","https://openalex.org/W3041742295","https://openalex.org/W4313638943","https://openalex.org/W2125956803","https://openalex.org/W1966522691","https://openalex.org/W4304014137","https://openalex.org/W3034740403","https://openalex.org/W2032025132","https://openalex.org/W1482920642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,54],"use":[1],"a":[2,93],"commercially":[3],"available":[4,59],"full-wave":[5],"electromagnetic":[6],"(EM)":[7],"tool":[8],"to":[9],"model":[10],"scattering":[11],"off":[12],"rough":[13],"hail.":[14],"Through":[15],"modeling":[16],"various":[17],"axis":[18],"ratios":[19],"and":[20,43],"surface":[21],"roughness,":[22],"we":[23,100],"systematically":[24],"evaluate":[25],"their":[26],"effect":[27],"on":[28,96],"the":[29,40,44,62,67,78,103,114],"polarimetric":[30,79],"variables":[31],"used":[32],"for":[33,81],"hail":[34,94,112],"size":[35,83,116],"discrimination.":[36],"Our":[37],"results":[38,57],"produce":[39],"differential":[41,107],"reflectivity":[42,108],"copolar":[45],"correlation":[46],"coefficient":[47],"typically":[48],"not":[49],"achieved":[50],"using":[51,86],"forward":[52],"operators.":[53],"compare":[55],"our":[56],"with":[58,77],"information":[60],"in":[61,113],"literature.":[63],"The":[64],"inclusion":[65],"of":[66,92,105],"additional":[68],"shape":[69],"parameter":[70],"brings":[71],"new":[72],"insights":[73],"into":[74],"problems":[75],"associated":[76],"variable":[80],"hailstone":[82],"gauging.":[84],"Finally,":[85],"dual-polarization":[87],"weather":[88],"radars\u2019":[89],"(WSR-88Ds\u2019)":[90],"observations":[91],"storm":[95],"two":[97],"opposite":[98],"sides,":[99],"hypothesize":[101],"that":[102],"source":[104],"negative":[106],"is":[109],"wet":[110],"oblate":[111],"resonant":[115],"range.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}