{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167649504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3080394","title":"Lightweight Spectral\u2013Spatial Attention Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Lightweight Spectral\u2013Spatial Attention Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167649504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3080394","mag":"3167649504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3080394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3080394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056982018","display_name":"Ying Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1764-3526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1764-3526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063359146","display_name":"Jinbiao Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-2213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinbiao Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-2213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101903228","display_name":"Zhiteng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-4301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiteng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-4301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681628","display_name":"Shan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1950-0729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1950-0729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636411","display_name":"Liguo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9373-6233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liguo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9373-6233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7373,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93688819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8631995916366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7806718349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7081828117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6755639314651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6689401865005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.6061676740646362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5797668695449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.5548009872436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5411602258682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.48587268590927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4538728594779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4134933352470398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8631995916366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7806718349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7081828117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6755639314651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6689401865005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.6061676740646362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5797668695449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.5548009872436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5411602258682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48587268590927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4538728594779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4134933352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3080394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3080394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4825594930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3072021CF0805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4942879272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LH2020F021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7424700364","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8eSVM\u7684\u9ad8\u5149\u8c31\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u6df7\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1555148682","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1982427174","https://openalex.org/W2022470997","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2101711129","https://openalex.org/W2104269704","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2168534096","https://openalex.org/W2465503420","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2532852010","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2614256707","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2772452219","https://openalex.org/W2789643644","https://openalex.org/W2792332881","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2822065499","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2888119354","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2937675449","https://openalex.org/W2941387379","https://openalex.org/W2948157022","https://openalex.org/W2950266692","https://openalex.org/W2951527505","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963113244","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2976820585","https://openalex.org/W2981899103","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2982671374","https://openalex.org/W2989871747","https://openalex.org/W3003369751","https://openalex.org/W3003552243","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3031696400","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3051556114","https://openalex.org/W3053564872","https://openalex.org/W3083068801","https://openalex.org/W3103753223","https://openalex.org/W3125860323","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6633204899","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6682137061","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6777046832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3141979996","https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W4378678253","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W4360783045","https://openalex.org/W3176438653","https://openalex.org/W2770149305","https://openalex.org/W2972076240","https://openalex.org/W3167930666","https://openalex.org/W3014952856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"exhibited":[5],"extraordinary":[6],"achievements":[7],"in":[8,32,52,83,130],"hyperspectral":[9],"image":[10],"(HSI)":[11],"classification":[12,24,71,120],"due":[13],"to":[14,28,49,112],"their":[15],"detailed":[16],"representation":[17],"of":[18,23,35,79,119,133,147],"features.":[19],"However,":[20],"the":[21,33,36,43,46,53,77,84,102,114,117,131,139,145],"improvement":[22],"accuracy":[25],"often":[26],"leads":[27],"an":[29],"evident":[30],"increase":[31],"complexity":[34],"model,":[37],"which":[38],"makes":[39],"it":[40],"challenging":[41],"for":[42,69,122],"model":[44,67,141],"with":[45],"state-of-the-art":[47],"performance":[48],"be":[50],"applied":[51,111],"actual":[54],"scene.":[55],"Considering":[56],"MobileNetV3":[57],"as":[58],"a":[59,66,92],"lightweight":[60],"feature":[61,104],"extractor,":[62],"this":[63,89],"article":[64,90],"proposes":[65,91],"suitable":[68],"HSI":[70],"based":[72,100],"on":[73,101],"MobileNetV3.":[74],"To":[75],"decrease":[76],"problem":[78,115],"massive":[80],"redundant":[81],"calculations":[82,148],"existing":[85],"spatial":[86,97],"attention":[87,98],"module,":[88],"more":[93],"concise":[94],"and":[95,149],"efficient":[96],"module":[99],"visual":[103],"maps":[105],"experiment.":[106],"Besides,":[107],"multiclass":[108],"focal-loss":[109],"is":[110],"solve":[113],"that":[116,129],"difficulty":[118],"varies":[121],"each":[123],"sample.":[124],"The":[125],"experimental":[126],"results":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"case":[132],"using":[134],"very":[135],"few":[136],"training":[137],"sets,":[138],"proposed":[140],"can":[142],"tremendously":[143],"reduce":[144],"number":[146],"parameters":[150],"while":[151],"maintaining":[152],"high":[153],"accuracy.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}