{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157740374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3074289","title":"Individual Tree Crown Delineation From UAS Imagery Based on Region Growing by Over-Segments With a Competitive Mechanism","display_name":"Individual Tree Crown Delineation From UAS Imagery Based on Region Growing by Over-Segments With a Competitive Mechanism","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157740374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3074289","mag":"3157740374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3074289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3074289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755120","display_name":"Jianyu Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-6685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135981","display_name":"Louisiana Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/03n7hja66","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135981"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-6685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412","https://openalex.org/I4210135981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022247838","display_name":"Russell G. Congalton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-2163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135981","display_name":"Louisiana Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/03n7hja66","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135981"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell G. Congalton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-2163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412","https://openalex.org/I4210135981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9156,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70145117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6830886602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6676005125045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6420413255691528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6127026081085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.5738281011581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5319493412971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5312903523445129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5185859203338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.48645588755607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/region-growing","display_name":"Region growing","score":0.48413214087486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4691696763038635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3593204617500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35028746724128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2030385136604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15215438604354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13238930702209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-texture","display_name":"Image texture","score":0.10404086112976074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6830886602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6676005125045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6420413255691528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6127026081085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.5738281011581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5319493412971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5312903523445129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5185859203338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.48645588755607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206824153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1169834","display_name":"Region growing","level":5,"score":0.48413214087486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4691696763038635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3593204617500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35028746724128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2030385136604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15215438604354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13238930702209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63099799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147001","display_name":"Image texture","level":4,"score":0.10404086112976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3074289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3074289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.unh.edu:faculty_pubs-2320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.unh.edu/faculty_pubs/1315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196362","display_name":"University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I179093154","host_organization_name":"University of New Hampshire at Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179093154"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3146098174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NH00095-M (Accession 1015520)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977023447","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1984956136","https://openalex.org/W1990503995","https://openalex.org/W1991349032","https://openalex.org/W1994585903","https://openalex.org/W2000652001","https://openalex.org/W2012511141","https://openalex.org/W2015384882","https://openalex.org/W2022436565","https://openalex.org/W2028400108","https://openalex.org/W2041180574","https://openalex.org/W2041642242","https://openalex.org/W2053452675","https://openalex.org/W2063273970","https://openalex.org/W2076007875","https://openalex.org/W2090435005","https://openalex.org/W2120187054","https://openalex.org/W2121748258","https://openalex.org/W2131058553","https://openalex.org/W2159588176","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2292893505","https://openalex.org/W2337442676","https://openalex.org/W2482464033","https://openalex.org/W2482693827","https://openalex.org/W2548390709","https://openalex.org/W2548655502","https://openalex.org/W2560047530","https://openalex.org/W2567603779","https://openalex.org/W2573495669","https://openalex.org/W2591466624","https://openalex.org/W2592745428","https://openalex.org/W2612541393","https://openalex.org/W2623445822","https://openalex.org/W2624817193","https://openalex.org/W2732720900","https://openalex.org/W2735622515","https://openalex.org/W2752278344","https://openalex.org/W2777096355","https://openalex.org/W2800497913","https://openalex.org/W2804104540","https://openalex.org/W2807092502","https://openalex.org/W2808198070","https://openalex.org/W2886835193","https://openalex.org/W2890137203","https://openalex.org/W2896065695","https://openalex.org/W2903224593","https://openalex.org/W2903885536","https://openalex.org/W2907473827","https://openalex.org/W2919779181","https://openalex.org/W2928980835","https://openalex.org/W2944108734","https://openalex.org/W2963659230","https://openalex.org/W2969453564","https://openalex.org/W2992737141","https://openalex.org/W2997224422","https://openalex.org/W3005872463","https://openalex.org/W3014552097","https://openalex.org/W3032296161","https://openalex.org/W3045432756","https://openalex.org/W6697071573","https://openalex.org/W6737823158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062965168","https://openalex.org/W2157348843","https://openalex.org/W2382738934","https://openalex.org/W4281943322","https://openalex.org/W2394279717","https://openalex.org/W2904485911","https://openalex.org/W2122457697","https://openalex.org/W1972171786","https://openalex.org/W2364503923","https://openalex.org/W2992988357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1,13],"systems":[2],"(UAS)":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5,41,107],"a":[6,33,101],"flexible":[7],"and":[8,69,192],"low-cost":[9],"platform":[10],"to":[11,29,124,211,215],"supplement":[12],"or":[14,81],"satellite":[15],"remote":[16],"sensing":[17],"for":[18,51,90,195],"precision":[19],"forestry.":[20],"The":[21,131,172,182,201],"data":[22,213],"derived":[23],"from":[24],"UAS":[25],"are":[26,59],"widely":[27],"used":[28,61,111],"measure":[30],"variables":[31],"at":[32],"single":[34],"tree":[35,39,53,102],"level":[36],"where":[37],"individual":[38,52],"crowns":[40],"fundamental.":[42],"Most":[43],"research":[44,118,206],"has":[45],"adapted":[46],"some":[47],"region":[48,196],"growing":[49,63,109,153],"method":[50],"crown":[54],"delineation":[55],"(ITCD).":[56],"However,":[57],"pixels":[58],"often":[60],"as":[62,152,187],"units":[64,110,154],"without":[65],"considering":[66],"the":[67,84,98,108,122,126,156,163,168,179,188],"spatial":[68,173],"contextual":[70],"information,":[71],"which":[72],"can":[73,88,207],"be":[74,208],"adversely":[75],"affected":[76,178],"by":[77,159,170],"noise":[78],"(e.g.,":[79],"background":[80],"branches)":[82],"in":[83,112,135,204],"imagery.":[85,146],"Instead,":[86],"over-segments":[87,105,123,151],"compensate":[89],"these":[91],"pixels\u2019":[92],"shortcomings":[93],"while":[94],"also":[95,177,199],"partially":[96],"detecting":[97],"edge":[99],"of":[100,128,175,184],"crown.":[103],"These":[104],"then":[106],"this":[113,117,205],"study.":[114],"In":[115],"addition,":[116],"incorporated":[119],"competition":[120],"among":[121],"alleviate":[125],"deficits":[127],"sequential":[129],"ordering.":[130],"algorithm":[132,202],"was":[133],"evaluated":[134],"three":[136],"study":[137],"sites":[138],"with":[139],"distinctive":[140],"forest":[141],"patterns":[142],"utilizing":[143],"natural":[144],"color":[145],"Results":[147],"demonstrated":[148],"that":[149],"using":[150],"improved":[155],"ITCD":[157],"accuracy":[158,169],"1.8%\u20132.3%,":[160],"whereas":[161],"incorporating":[162],"competitive":[164],"mechanism":[165],"further":[166],"increased":[167],"4.3%\u20139.3%.":[171],"arrangement":[174],"trees":[176],"segmentation":[180],"accuracy.":[181,218],"sources":[183,214],"uncertainties,":[185],"such":[186],"manually":[189],"interpreted":[190],"treetops":[191],"feature":[193],"selection":[194],"growing,":[197],"were":[198],"analyzed.":[200],"developed":[203],"easily":[209],"extended":[210],"other":[212],"achieve":[216],"promising":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}