{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3153847183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3070858","title":"A Rotational Measurement Scheme of Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Shallow Frozen Lake Characterization in Urban Environments","display_name":"A Rotational Measurement Scheme of Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Shallow Frozen Lake Characterization in Urban Environments","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3153847183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3070858","mag":"3153847183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3070858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3070858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045367008","display_name":"Chuandong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137038","display_name":"Geological Exploration Technology Institute of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/03md1xx44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chuandong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-6132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101859726","display_name":"Zhaowen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5004-2514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaowen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103239431","display_name":"Bang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-0273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738200","display_name":"Tingting Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6061-2311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137038","display_name":"Geological Exploration Technology Institute of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/03md1xx44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6061-2311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005695351","display_name":"Xinlei Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2658-6807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137038","display_name":"Geological Exploration Technology Institute of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/03md1xx44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinlei Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045121196","display_name":"Shu Diao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu Diao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009069606","display_name":"Guanfeng Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-0375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179060312","display_name":"Northeast Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zqaxa34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanfeng Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-0375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020081839","display_name":"Xiaofeng Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-3191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137038","display_name":"Geological Exploration Technology Institute of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/03md1xx44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051297707","display_name":"Jun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-9346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137038","display_name":"Geological Exploration Technology Institute of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/03md1xx44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-9346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Geophysical Exploration Equipment Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045367008"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210137038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2871,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9352121,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12603","display_name":"NMR spectroscopy and applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12603","display_name":"NMR spectroscopy and applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11809","display_name":"Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.44116321206092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.43192440271377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.41688916087150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4057933986186981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3804565668106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3783985376358032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3714306950569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.35003966093063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.33441752195358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2529837489128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.09036999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.08573365211486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-basin","display_name":"Structural basin","score":0.08336064219474792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.44116321206092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.43192440271377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.41688916087150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4057933986186981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3804565668106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3783985376358032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3714306950569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.35003966093063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.33441752195358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2529837489128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.09036999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08573365211486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.08336064219474792}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3070858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3070858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3225379637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41874209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7082252866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20190201111JC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310121","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310121","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W793012330","https://openalex.org/W1656594789","https://openalex.org/W1772660951","https://openalex.org/W1814943444","https://openalex.org/W1964084427","https://openalex.org/W1990130565","https://openalex.org/W2004668584","https://openalex.org/W2008264531","https://openalex.org/W2023631464","https://openalex.org/W2036529309","https://openalex.org/W2038145696","https://openalex.org/W2054009092","https://openalex.org/W2082569666","https://openalex.org/W2095653519","https://openalex.org/W2100819670","https://openalex.org/W2104660868","https://openalex.org/W2105229137","https://openalex.org/W2117192594","https://openalex.org/W2138838972","https://openalex.org/W2143487985","https://openalex.org/W2162185865","https://openalex.org/W2318116069","https://openalex.org/W2402913429","https://openalex.org/W2412001056","https://openalex.org/W2768535675","https://openalex.org/W2791721661","https://openalex.org/W2888517259","https://openalex.org/W2903029856","https://openalex.org/W2913725980","https://openalex.org/W2948164004","https://openalex.org/W2948759296","https://openalex.org/W2955104958","https://openalex.org/W2959229639","https://openalex.org/W2969416583","https://openalex.org/W3011784118","https://openalex.org/W3033990640","https://openalex.org/W3034636679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108512031","https://openalex.org/W2063755384","https://openalex.org/W2048409327","https://openalex.org/W2153306223","https://openalex.org/W2997015357","https://openalex.org/W2390117385","https://openalex.org/W2123825282","https://openalex.org/W1977273908","https://openalex.org/W2079990215","https://openalex.org/W2897030841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surface":[0],"nuclear":[1],"magnetic":[2],"resonance":[3],"(sNMR)":[4],"can":[5,60,75,210],"directly":[6],"and":[7,25,142,195,205],"quantitatively":[8],"detect":[9],"groundwater,":[10],"but":[11],"its":[12],"application":[13,213],"in":[14,27,83,138,161,198,203],"urban":[15,44,218],"environments":[16],"faces":[17],"problems,":[18],"such":[19,190],"as":[20,191],"low":[21,196],"signal-to-noise":[22],"ratios":[23],"(SNRs)":[24],"difficulties":[26],"laying":[28],"the":[29,68,77,80,90,94,101,135,139,146,152,162,188,206,212],"coils.":[30,130],"This":[31],"study":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,42,84,107,124],"rotational":[35,207],"sNMR":[36,54,112,204],"measurement":[37],"scheme":[38,74,209],"to":[39,89,118,166,170,217],"accurately":[40,61],"image":[41],"frozen":[43,85,147],"lake.":[45,86],"Through":[46],"synthetic":[47],"data":[48,55,113,153],"experiments,":[49,106],"we":[50],"first":[51],"demonstrate":[52],"that":[53],"measured":[56,154],"with":[57,114,187],"six":[58,156],"rotations":[59],"invert":[62],"underground":[63,102],"water-bearing":[64],"structures.":[65],"Even":[66],"when":[67],"environmental":[69],"noise":[70],"is":[71,97],"high,":[72],"this":[73,215],"reflect":[76],"distribution":[78],"of":[79,110,134,145,214],"water":[81,136,159],"content":[82,137,160],"Moreover,":[87],"due":[88],"small":[91],"coil":[92],"size,":[93],"inversion":[95],"result":[96],"less":[98],"affected":[99],"by":[100],"resistivity.":[103],"In":[104],"field":[105],"large":[108],"amount":[109],"high-quality":[111],"average":[115],"SNRs":[116],"up":[117],"12.8":[119],"dB":[120],"were":[121,149],"obtained":[122],"from":[123,155],"high-noise":[125],"environment":[126],"using":[127,151],"three":[128],"reference":[129],"The":[131,158],"2-D":[132],"distributions":[133],"ice,":[140],"water,":[141],"mud":[143],"layers":[144],"lake":[148,163],"determined":[150],"rotations.":[157],"was":[164],"found":[165],"be":[167],"approximately":[168],"equal":[169],"1":[171],"m":[172],"<sup":[173,177],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[174,178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>":[175,179],"/m":[176],".":[180],"Although":[181],"there":[182],"are":[183],"still":[184],"some":[185],"problems":[186],"measurements,":[189],"inaccurate":[192],"relaxation":[193],"times":[194],"resolutions":[197],"deep":[199],"areas,":[200],"further":[201],"improvements":[202],"detection":[208],"facilitate":[211],"approach":[216],"groundwater":[219],"detection.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}