{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127987988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3053311","title":"SKNet: Detecting Rotated Ships as Keypoints in Optical Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"SKNet: Detecting Rotated Ships as Keypoints in Optical Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127987988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3053311","mag":"3127987988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3053311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3053311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045302598","display_name":"Zhenyu Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9857-2178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab of Data Mining and High Performance Computing, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab of Data Mining and High Performance Computing, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061201566","display_name":"Jiaxu Leng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2802-8139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxu Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020893796","display_name":"Ying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8940-7074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab of Data Mining and High Performance Computing, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab of Data Mining and High Performance Computing, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042345460","display_name":"Tianlin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0843-1916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianlin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Centre for Text Mining, School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre for Text Mining, School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414014","display_name":"Pei Quan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101855971","display_name":"Wei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045302598"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0786,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95166085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"10","first_page":"8826","last_page":"8840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7298837304115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5520751476287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.529737114906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5256032943725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5138407349586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.5084189772605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5070109367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.4805729389190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.46748727560043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4506063163280487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44525155425071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.44078588485717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1823778748512268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7298837304115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5520751476287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.529737114906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5256032943725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5138407349586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.5084189772605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5070109367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4805729389190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.46748727560043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4506063163280487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44525155425071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.44078588485717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1823778748512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3053311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3053311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3371960362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71671178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2579985080","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2594177559","https://openalex.org/W2605982830","https://openalex.org/W2725486421","https://openalex.org/W2768489488","https://openalex.org/W2770383210","https://openalex.org/W2784050770","https://openalex.org/W2804523038","https://openalex.org/W2899594603","https://openalex.org/W2901743919","https://openalex.org/W2935079508","https://openalex.org/W2935837427","https://openalex.org/W2946862972","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2950516690","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963179609","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963323244","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964294787","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2965512000","https://openalex.org/W2967487473","https://openalex.org/W2968292493","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2989678931","https://openalex.org/W2991359031","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W3004492228","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3046174881","https://openalex.org/W3093600664","https://openalex.org/W3098218837","https://openalex.org/W3100039191","https://openalex.org/W3102695566","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3109055651","https://openalex.org/W3123405196","https://openalex.org/W3174873843","https://openalex.org/W4297803092","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6697925102","https://openalex.org/W6698183232","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6732243160","https://openalex.org/W6739844568","https://openalex.org/W6746383652","https://openalex.org/W6760424586","https://openalex.org/W6763251565","https://openalex.org/W6766359107","https://openalex.org/W6766860876","https://openalex.org/W6770886966","https://openalex.org/W6780720588","https://openalex.org/W6781873260","https://openalex.org/W6784930956","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W2962677013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"rotated":[1,19,133,141,208],"ships":[2,86,142],"is":[3,119,155,186,203,235],"difficult":[4],"in":[5,145,241],"optical":[6,146,224],"remote":[7,147,225],"sensing":[8,148,226],"images":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,187,204,216],"the":[12,33,54,107,115,124,165,184,189,193,197,201,218,259],"challenges":[13],"of":[14,29,35,45,51,61,77,85,117,192,220],"complex":[15],"scenes.":[16],"Existing":[17],"advanced":[18],"ship":[20,134,153,209],"detectors":[21],"are":[22,63,214],"typically":[23],"anchor-based":[24],"algorithms":[25],"that":[26,79,247],"require":[27],"plenty":[28],"predefined":[30],"anchors.":[31],"However,":[32],"use":[34],"anchors":[36,46,62,78,118],"brings":[37],"three":[38,223],"critical":[39],"problems:":[40],"1)":[41],"a":[42,48,74,105,130,152],"large":[43],"number":[44],"bring":[47],"huge":[49],"amount":[50],"calculation;":[52],"2)":[53],"attributes":[55],"(e.g.,":[56],"size":[57],"and":[58,71,101,161,168,179,196,200,232,239],"aspect":[59],"ratios)":[60],"designed":[64],"via":[65],"<italic":[66],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[67],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ad":[68],"hoc</i>":[69],"heuristics;":[70],"3)":[72],"only":[73],"tiny":[75],"fraction":[76],"overlap":[80],"with":[81],"ground-truth":[82],"bounding":[83],"boxes":[84],"tightly":[87],"can":[88],"be":[89,111],"considered":[90],"as":[91,143,157],"positive":[92,100],"samples,":[93],"which":[94,139,234],"causes":[95],"an":[96],"extreme":[97],"imbalance":[98],"between":[99],"negative":[102],"samples.":[103],"As":[104],"result,":[106],"detection":[108,135,210,251],"accuracy":[109,191],"will":[110],"influenced":[112],"seriously":[113],"when":[114],"design":[116,173],"not":[120],"suitable.":[121],"To":[122],"address":[123],"above":[125],"problems,":[126],"this":[127,242],"article":[128],"proposes":[129],"novel":[131],"anchor-free":[132],"framework,":[136],"called":[137],"SKNet,":[138,151],"detects":[140],"keypoints":[144],"images.":[149],"In":[150],"target":[154],"modeled":[156],"its":[158],"center":[159,194],"keypoint":[160,195],"morphological":[162,198],"sizes,":[163],"including":[164],"width,":[166],"height,":[167],"rotation":[169],"angle.":[170],"Accordingly,":[171],"we":[172],"two":[174],"customized":[175],"modules:":[176],"orthogonal":[177],"pooling":[178],"soft-rotate-nonmaximum":[180],"suppression":[181],"(NMS),":[182],"where":[183],"former":[185],"improve":[188],"prediction":[190],"size,":[199],"latter":[202],"effectively":[205],"remove":[206],"redundant":[207],"results.":[211],"Extensive":[212],"experiments":[213],"conducted":[215],"demonstrate":[217],"effectiveness":[219],"SKNet":[221,248,257],"on":[222],"image":[227],"data":[228],"sets:":[229],"HRSC2016,":[230],"DOTA-ship,":[231],"HPDM-OSOD,":[233],"collected":[236],"by":[237],"ourselves":[238],"published":[240],"article.":[243],"Empirical":[244],"studies":[245],"show":[246],"achieves":[249,258],"state-of-the-art":[250],"performance":[252],"while":[253],"being":[254],"time-efficient.":[255],"Overall,":[256],"best":[260],"speed\u2013accuracy":[261],"tradeoff.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
