{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131451168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050413","title":"Global Ionospheric Modeling Using Multi-GNSS and Upcoming LEO Constellations: Two Methods and Comparison","display_name":"Global Ionospheric Modeling Using Multi-GNSS and Upcoming LEO Constellations: Two Methods and Comparison","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131451168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050413","mag":"3131451168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002550938","display_name":"Xiaodong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-0067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638045","display_name":"Jincheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-6704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jincheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101919016","display_name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330113","display_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-2548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002550938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4536,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95970606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9231322407722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.6608701348304749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6430215835571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5877432227134705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5517565011978149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5270495414733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-reference-ionosphere","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","score":0.45940250158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.41433894634246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.32531267404556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23589220643043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.17538559436798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14716142416000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.13888302445411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.11905932426452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.0792728066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.061884135007858276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9231322407722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.6608701348304749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6430215835571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5877432227134705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5517565011978149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5270495414733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777966019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666845","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","level":5,"score":0.45940250158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.41433894634246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.32531267404556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23589220643043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.17538559436798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14716142416000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.13888302445411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.11905932426452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0792728066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.061884135007858276}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4088104803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41825009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4676281165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BIGF010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5125605607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKLGED2020-3-4-E","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5519842518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8616192033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BIGF010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547755209","https://openalex.org/W1569806742","https://openalex.org/W1964865858","https://openalex.org/W1974107091","https://openalex.org/W1986762915","https://openalex.org/W1987326676","https://openalex.org/W1989650393","https://openalex.org/W1992094596","https://openalex.org/W1997574807","https://openalex.org/W2004869411","https://openalex.org/W2005422192","https://openalex.org/W2021148397","https://openalex.org/W2032835044","https://openalex.org/W2034180030","https://openalex.org/W2036867582","https://openalex.org/W2053013039","https://openalex.org/W2055147899","https://openalex.org/W2059788314","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2074442049","https://openalex.org/W2079595022","https://openalex.org/W2085101070","https://openalex.org/W2085781734","https://openalex.org/W2094721355","https://openalex.org/W2097398748","https://openalex.org/W2153105094","https://openalex.org/W2166751765","https://openalex.org/W2486478291","https://openalex.org/W2519861347","https://openalex.org/W2568906212","https://openalex.org/W2578611950","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2603176399","https://openalex.org/W2770194917","https://openalex.org/W2788023188","https://openalex.org/W2789353936","https://openalex.org/W2886620141","https://openalex.org/W2900831118","https://openalex.org/W2919576603","https://openalex.org/W2919605053","https://openalex.org/W2957387369","https://openalex.org/W2990229927","https://openalex.org/W2996041274","https://openalex.org/W3003263134","https://openalex.org/W3007546290","https://openalex.org/W3011253092","https://openalex.org/W3026127269","https://openalex.org/W3047470666","https://openalex.org/W6770677559","https://openalex.org/W6774528105","https://openalex.org/W6941074046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084907724","https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W4234460040","https://openalex.org/W4388162012","https://openalex.org/W3157756536","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W1976519577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"ionosphere":[1,134],"model":[2,36,156,209,233,254],"with":[3,112,171,177,219,245,256],"high":[4],"accuracy":[5,30,157,222],"and":[6,15,31,60,129,142,161,189,194,215,223,268],"resolution":[7],"is":[8,51,92,262],"of":[9,33,41,67,75,100,106,114,154,186,207,252,260],"great":[10],"importance":[11],"for":[12,133,191],"ionospheric":[13,35,103,117,155,208,217,232,253],"research":[14],"global":[16,34],"navigation":[17],"satellite":[18,80,225],"system":[19],"(GNSS)":[20],"precise":[21],"positioning":[22],"applications.":[23],"In":[24,119],"the":[25,29,39,65,72,101,107,202,205,212,257,263],"last":[26],"20":[27],"years,":[28],"reliability":[32],"benefitted":[37],"from":[38],"development":[40,74],"GNSS":[42,69,116,128,162,174,248],"technology":[43],"have":[44],"been":[45],"improved":[46],"significantly,":[47],"but":[48],"its":[49],"performance":[50,206],"still":[52,93],"not":[53],"good":[54],"over":[55],"many":[56],"regions":[57],"(e.g.,":[58],"oceans":[59],"polar":[61],"region)":[62],"due":[63],"to":[64,86,97,126],"lack":[66],"ground":[68],"stations.":[70],"Fortunately,":[71],"rapid":[73],"low":[76],"earth":[77],"orbit":[78],"(LEO)":[79],"constellations":[81],"provides":[82],"a":[83,151,178],"potential":[84],"opportunity":[85],"address":[87],"this":[88,120],"issue.":[89],"However,":[90],"there":[91],"no":[94],"optimal":[95],"approach":[96],"make":[98],"use":[99],"LEO-based":[102],"observations":[104,218],"because":[105],"different":[108,220,224],"observation":[109,131,163,221],"ranges":[110],"compared":[111,170,244],"that":[113,172,231,246],"ground-based":[115],"observations.":[118],"article,":[121],"two":[122],"approaches":[123],"are":[124,137],"proposed":[125,168],"combine":[127],"LEO":[130,160,216],"data":[132,164,175],"modeling,":[135],"which":[136],"single-layer":[138],"normalization":[139],"(SLN)":[140],"method":[141,193,214,239],"dual-layer":[143],"superposition":[144],"(DLS)":[145],"method,":[146,196],"respectively.":[147,197],"The":[148,198,228,250],"results":[149,229],"exhibit":[150],"significant":[152],"improvement":[153,251],"by":[158,211,235,247,266],"combining":[159],"based":[165],"on":[166],"our":[167],"methods":[169],"using":[173,237],"only,":[176],"reduction":[179],"in":[180],"root":[181],"mean":[182],"square":[183],"(rms)":[184],"error":[185],"about":[187],"25%":[188,243],"21%":[190],"SLN":[192,213,238],"DLS":[195],"article":[199],"also":[200],"highlights":[201],"relations":[203],"between":[204],"estimated":[210,234,255],"cut-off":[226,258],"elevations.":[227],"indicate":[230],"GNSS/LEO":[236],"improves":[240],"at":[241],"least":[242],"only.":[249],"elevation":[259],"50\u00b0":[261],"best,":[264],"followed":[265],"70\u00b0,":[267],"then":[269],"20\u00b0.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}