{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137839916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3049292","title":"SPNet: Spectral Patching End-to-End Classification Network for UAV-Borne Hyperspectral Imagery With High Spatial and Spectral Resolutions","display_name":"SPNet: Spectral Patching End-to-End Classification Network for UAV-Borne Hyperspectral Imagery With High Spatial and Spectral Resolutions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137839916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3049292","mag":"3137839916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3049292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3049292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101916473","display_name":"Xin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-1716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-1716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754351","display_name":"Yanfei Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-5850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfei Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-5850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352781","display_name":"Xinyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-3954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-3954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022116941","display_name":"Chang Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-7399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-7399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041081010","display_name":"Ji Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381334","display_name":"Lei Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-8611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673818","display_name":"Liangpei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92129154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.9322689771652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6860548257827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6766505837440491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.6224181056022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6191949248313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.501011848449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.481442391872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4687756597995758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4475848078727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.4301265478134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2294849455356598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16396665573120117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.9322689771652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6860548257827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6766505837440491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.6224181056022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6191949248313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.501011848449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.481442391872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4687756597995758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4475848078727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4301265478134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2294849455356598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16396665573120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3049292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3049292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1223461643","display_name":"\u9ad8\u5149\u8c31\u9065\u611f\u5f71\u50cf\u6df1\u5ea6\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u4e9a\u50cf\u5143\u5236\u56fe\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"42071350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4414960914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020CFB275","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4629252920","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7a00\u758f\u6982\u7387\u56fe\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u9065\u611f\u5f71\u50cf\u573a\u666f\u8bed\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41771385","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485235332","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W2008835672","https://openalex.org/W2019338222","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2051968191","https://openalex.org/W2062432961","https://openalex.org/W2119897980","https://openalex.org/W2142087338","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2600746131","https://openalex.org/W2603422184","https://openalex.org/W2603834682","https://openalex.org/W2609880332","https://openalex.org/W2614326984","https://openalex.org/W2754507318","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2765366036","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2767651786","https://openalex.org/W2767805377","https://openalex.org/W2768420873","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2791006446","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2803795907","https://openalex.org/W2809113079","https://openalex.org/W2822065499","https://openalex.org/W2889943009","https://openalex.org/W2894165434","https://openalex.org/W2904698365","https://openalex.org/W2907100627","https://openalex.org/W2922379874","https://openalex.org/W2942170965","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2980930055","https://openalex.org/W2980960531","https://openalex.org/W3023496898","https://openalex.org/W3049655825","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W6739696289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2317401237","https://openalex.org/W1990800631","https://openalex.org/W2167120702","https://openalex.org/W2579567122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,69,105],"deep":[1,154,169],"learning":[2],"(DL)-based":[3],"hyperspectral":[4,40,150,201],"imagery":[5,41],"classification,":[6],"“spatial":[7,83],"patching”":[8,84,131],"is":[9,30,123,133,157],"primarily":[10],"used":[11],"as":[12],"a":[13,112],"preprocessing":[14],"for":[15,65,125,186],"incorporating":[16],"local":[17,88],"spatial":[18,44,53,67,78,89,139,175],"information.":[19],"This":[20],"operation":[21],"can":[22,207],"help":[23],"to":[24,60,72,108,135,180],"promote":[25],"classification":[26,103,216],"accuracy":[27,210],"but":[28],"it":[29,57],"facing":[31],"new":[32],"challenges":[33],"in":[34,56,93,101,214],"the":[35,62,66,73,81,87,102,137,144,148,162,168,187,195,215],"unmanned":[36],"aerial":[37],"vehicle":[38],"(UAV)-borne":[39],"with":[42,118,194],"high":[43],"and":[45,77,91,98,141,173,211],"spectral":[46,75,114,145,163],"resolutions":[47],"(H2imagery).":[48],"The":[49,129,190],"ground":[50],"objects’":[51],"various":[52],"scales":[54],"result":[55],"being":[58],"challenging":[59],"determine":[61],"optimal":[63],"size":[64],"patches.":[68],"addition,":[70],"due":[71],"severe":[74],"variability":[76],"heterogeneity":[79],"of":[80,147,217],"H2imagery,":[82],"only":[85],"exploits":[86],"information":[90,140,146,185],"results":[92,192],"serious":[94],"salt-and-pepper":[95],"(SP)":[96],"noise":[97],"isolated":[99],"areas":[100],"maps.":[104],"this":[106],"article,":[107],"address":[109],"these":[110],"issues,":[111],"novel":[113],"patching":[115,164],"network":[116,156,171],"(SPNet)":[117],"an":[119],"end-to-end":[120,153],"DL":[121],"architecture":[122],"proposed":[124,134],"UAV-borne":[126,197,200],"H2imagery":[127,188,198],"classification.":[128,189],"“spectral":[130],"approach":[132],"preserve":[136],"global":[138],"almost":[142],"all":[143],"original":[149],"imagery.":[151],"An":[152],"encoder–decoder":[155],"then":[158],"constructed":[159],"based":[160],"on":[161],"mechanism,":[165],"which":[166],"introduces":[167],"residual":[170],"(ResNet)":[172],"atrous":[174],"pyramid":[176],"pooling":[177],"(ASPP)":[178],"modules":[179],"extract":[181],"multiscale":[182],"high-level":[183],"semantic":[184],"experimental":[191],"obtained":[193],"Wuhan":[196],"(WHU-Hi)":[199],"data":[202],"set":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"that":[205],"SPNet":[206],"achieve":[208],"state-of-the-art":[209],"visualization":[212],"performance":[213],"H2imagery.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}