{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120389167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3046840","title":"Spectral\u2013Spatial Fractal Residual Convolutional Neural Network With Data Balance Augmentation for Hyperspectral Classification","display_name":"Spectral\u2013Spatial Fractal Residual Convolutional Neural Network With Data Balance Augmentation for Hyperspectral Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120389167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3046840","mag":"3120389167"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3046840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3046840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327448","display_name":"Xin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4026-4284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037082491","display_name":"Yongcheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1647-2956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongcheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404849","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1920-0649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000320630","display_name":"Dongdong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-4363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072132943","display_name":"Huiyuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7855-9902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiyuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427406","display_name":"Bo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-3153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007694942","display_name":"Guangli Ben","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-0641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangli Ben","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100327448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94708712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"12","first_page":"10473","last_page":"10487"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9351999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.9181318283081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6792830228805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.678834080696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6715536117553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6665533781051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.6260538101196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.576292097568512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.4820185899734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.43651485443115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42517560720443726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34646791219711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34157198667526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2217811644077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1969304084777832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.9181318283081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6792830228805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.678834080696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6715536117553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6665533781051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.6260538101196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.576292097568512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.4820185899734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.43651485443115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42517560720443726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34646791219711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34157198667526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2217811644077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1969304084777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3046840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3046840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1964325474","https://openalex.org/W1974211415","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2043484400","https://openalex.org/W2043665634","https://openalex.org/W2066931949","https://openalex.org/W2069231830","https://openalex.org/W2074594734","https://openalex.org/W2077792904","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2092923709","https://openalex.org/W2098057602","https://openalex.org/W2129587305","https://openalex.org/W2131725398","https://openalex.org/W2135758523","https://openalex.org/W2144966944","https://openalex.org/W2153747028","https://openalex.org/W2164325628","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2276858186","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2341545927","https://openalex.org/W2343108676","https://openalex.org/W2404251257","https://openalex.org/W2408279554","https://openalex.org/W2465503420","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2577238056","https://openalex.org/W2582369608","https://openalex.org/W2614326984","https://openalex.org/W2620547787","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2779530678","https://openalex.org/W2786352274","https://openalex.org/W2791006446","https://openalex.org/W2804132729","https://openalex.org/W2805177060","https://openalex.org/W2822065499","https://openalex.org/W2895634443","https://openalex.org/W2898381489","https://openalex.org/W2901076994","https://openalex.org/W2901461790","https://openalex.org/W2908955282","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2921445432","https://openalex.org/W2941141441","https://openalex.org/W2941387379","https://openalex.org/W2950862679","https://openalex.org/W2955446216","https://openalex.org/W2965615220","https://openalex.org/W2966751049","https://openalex.org/W2987694862","https://openalex.org/W2991616716","https://openalex.org/W3003552243","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W6704443453","https://openalex.org/W6712980877","https://openalex.org/W6714181750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W4313014865","https://openalex.org/W2019190440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,12,19,25,48,66,77,107,133,148,166,195],"deep":[3],"learning":[4],"has":[5,29,182],"brought":[6],"new":[7],"prospects":[8],"into":[9],"the":[10,16,23,45,54,58,64,75,105,118,126,131,139,146,149,154,162,172,179,188,199],"field":[11],"hyperspectral":[13,26,78,167],"classification,":[14,79],"and":[15,63,111,129,164,197],"classification":[17,24],"ability":[18,185],"this":[20,95],"method":[21],"for":[22,43,202],"images":[27],"(HSIs)":[28],"been":[30],"continuously":[31],"improved.":[32],"However,":[33],"there":[34],"are":[35,50,61],"still":[36],"some":[37],"problems":[38,106],"that":[39,102,190],"must":[40],"be":[41],"solved;":[42],"example,":[44],"spectral\u2013spatial":[46,81,119,127,140,155],"features":[47],"HSIs":[49],"not":[51],"effectively":[52],"extracted,":[53],"labeled":[55,109],"samples":[56,67,196],"in":[57,68],"data":[59,88,98,110,205],"set":[60],"limited,":[62],"number":[65,165,194],"different":[69],"categories":[70,113,189],"is":[71,91,114,122,151,175],"imbalanced.":[72],"To":[73],"facilitate":[74],"progress":[76],"a":[80,97,183,192],"fractal":[82],"residual":[83,120],"convolutional":[84],"neural":[85],"network":[86,181],"with":[87],"balance":[89,99],"augmentation":[90,100],"proposed":[92,123,180],"here.":[93],"In":[94,116,137,177],"network,":[96],"approach":[101],"can":[103,144,160],"solve":[104],"limited":[108],"imbalanced":[112],"proposed.":[115],"addition,":[117,138],"module":[121],"to":[124,186],"learn":[125],"information":[128],"alleviate":[130],"problem":[132],"model":[134],"degradation":[135],"effectively.":[136],"focal":[141],"structure,":[142],"which":[143,159],"guarantee":[145],"integrity":[147],"information,":[150],"introduced.":[152],"Moreover,":[153],"dimensional":[156],"transformation":[157],"module,":[158],"reduce":[161],"size":[163],"feature":[168],"maps":[169],"without":[170],"losing":[171],"fine":[173],"features,":[174],"presented.":[176],"particular,":[178],"strong":[184],"classify":[187],"have":[191],"small":[193],"reaches":[198],"state-of-the-art":[200],"level":[201],"three":[203],"benchmark":[204],"sets.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
