{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117756676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3044657","title":"Measuring Ionospheric Scintillation Parameters From SAR Images Using Phase Gradient Autofocus: A Case Study","display_name":"Measuring Ionospheric Scintillation Parameters From SAR Images Using Phase Gradient Autofocus: A Case Study","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117756676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3044657","mag":"3117756676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3044657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3044657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006630987","display_name":"Yifei Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-5015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-5015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100631018","display_name":"Zhen Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-7628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374669","display_name":"Yongsheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1104-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","[College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China. (e-mail: zyscn@163.com)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China. (e-mail: zyscn@163.com)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090585862","display_name":"Qilei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5718-0319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qilei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5718-0319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011442561","display_name":"Lei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5864-0647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5864-0647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011242218","display_name":"Beixin Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beixin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.7877,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98904966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scintillation","display_name":"Scintillation","score":0.7461426258087158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7078243494033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.6856350302696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6276044845581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interplanetary-scintillation","display_name":"Interplanetary scintillation","score":0.5668296217918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decorrelation","display_name":"Decorrelation","score":0.41336894035339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.41204833984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.37452971935272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3300381600856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28621309995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2667904198169708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.11335667967796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10692557692527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-wind","display_name":"Solar wind","score":0.06733393669128418}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102637530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078889","display_name":"Scintillation","level":3,"score":0.7461426258087158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7078243494033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.6856350302696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6276044845581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10880902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6056358","display_name":"Interplanetary scintillation","level":5,"score":0.5668296217918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177860922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788608","display_name":"Decorrelation","level":2,"score":0.41336894035339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.41204833984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.37452971935272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3300381600856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28621309995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2667904198169708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.11335667967796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10692557692527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108411613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79833","display_name":"Solar wind","level":3,"score":0.06733393669128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72886185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129890","display_name":"Coronal mass ejection","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3044657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3044657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3585708573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501477","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3811045614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W357677209","https://openalex.org/W1509682307","https://openalex.org/W1524455928","https://openalex.org/W1650474343","https://openalex.org/W1968695384","https://openalex.org/W2018311501","https://openalex.org/W2024714333","https://openalex.org/W2032822047","https://openalex.org/W2048749376","https://openalex.org/W2049980310","https://openalex.org/W2057685718","https://openalex.org/W2060954390","https://openalex.org/W2088275105","https://openalex.org/W2102320116","https://openalex.org/W2110965352","https://openalex.org/W2113715579","https://openalex.org/W2124562418","https://openalex.org/W2138884860","https://openalex.org/W2141176523","https://openalex.org/W2143070649","https://openalex.org/W2143685339","https://openalex.org/W2161528515","https://openalex.org/W2242193741","https://openalex.org/W2242862504","https://openalex.org/W2319170475","https://openalex.org/W2487183854","https://openalex.org/W2515020548","https://openalex.org/W2595576079","https://openalex.org/W2614823128","https://openalex.org/W2744845163","https://openalex.org/W2753712583","https://openalex.org/W2762481804","https://openalex.org/W2801114666","https://openalex.org/W2906461641","https://openalex.org/W2944436044","https://openalex.org/W2954481966","https://openalex.org/W2997538880","https://openalex.org/W3001645765","https://openalex.org/W3005481033","https://openalex.org/W3013418101","https://openalex.org/W4245069116","https://openalex.org/W6782312821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2943215110","https://openalex.org/W1973014775","https://openalex.org/W2579882030","https://openalex.org/W2610474750","https://openalex.org/W4387398140","https://openalex.org/W3130682789","https://openalex.org/W2116984107","https://openalex.org/W1909438361","https://openalex.org/W2023095031","https://openalex.org/W4387933392"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,134,166],"spaceborne":[1],"low-frequency":[2],"(L-band":[3],"and":[4,31,116,144,178],"below)":[5],"synthetic":[6],"aperture":[7],"radar":[8],"(SAR)":[9],"is":[10,21,42,63,136],"very":[11],"susceptible":[12],"to":[13,33,50,65],"ionospheric":[14,152,173],"scintillation.":[15,153],"scintillation":[17,52],"phase":[18,59],"error":[19],"(SPE)":[20],"a":[22,40,77,181],"vital":[23],"factor":[24],"that":[25,75,170],"brings":[26],"about":[27,185],"the":[28,34,46,58,67,72,83,91,110,113,117,125,131,159,171,189],"azimuth":[29,146],"decorrelation":[30],"leads":[32],"imaging":[35,147],"degradation.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"article,":[39],"methodology":[41,135],"described,":[43],"which":[44],"exploits":[45],"accurate":[47],"SPE":[48,69,89,162],"estimation":[49],"measure":[51],"parameters":[53],"from":[54,71,164],"SAR":[55],"images.":[56],"First,":[57],"gradient":[60],"autofocus":[61],"(PGA)":[62],"applied":[64],"achieve":[66],"believable":[68],"estimate":[70],"local":[73,172],"area":[74],"contains":[76],"strong":[78],"scatterer.":[79],"Second,":[80],"based":[81],"on":[82,138],"estimated":[84],"staggered":[85],"index":[86],"of":[87,161,184],"two":[88],"estimates,":[90],"irregularity":[92],"altitude":[93,183],"can":[94,121],"be":[95,122],"derived":[96,132],"by":[97,151],"solving":[98],"an":[99,103,139],"established":[100],"equation":[101],"using":[102],"iteration":[104],"process.":[105],"Third,":[106],"three":[107],"parameters,":[108],"including":[109],"spectrum":[111,127],"index,":[112],"outer":[114],"scale,":[115],"integrated":[118],"turbulence":[119],"strength,":[120],"fitted":[123],"when":[124],"theoretical":[126],"expression":[128],"mostly":[129],"approximates":[130],"spectrum.":[133],"validated":[137],"ALOS-2":[140],"PALSAR-2":[141],"spotlight":[142],"data,":[143],"its":[145],"was":[148],"seriously":[149],"degraded":[150],"Two":[154],"existent":[155],"corner":[156],"reflectors":[157],"ensure":[158],"accuracy":[160],"estimates":[163],"PGA.":[165],"measurement":[167],"results":[168],"indicate":[169],"irregularities":[174],"are":[175],"extremely":[176],"turbulent":[177],"located":[179],"at":[180],"lower":[182],"220":[186],"km":[187],"in":[188],"F2-layer.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}