{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095496092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3032167","title":"Leaf and Wood Separation for Individual Trees Using the Intensity and Density Data of Terrestrial Laser Scanners","display_name":"Leaf and Wood Separation for Individual Trees Using the Intensity and Density Data of Terrestrial Laser Scanners","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095496092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3032167","mag":"3095496092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3032167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3032167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044922023","display_name":"Kai Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-0008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381057","display_name":"Weiguo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-5950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070096266","display_name":"Zhen Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-3300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101719429","display_name":"Xiaolong Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-9749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","School of Architectural and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architectural and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110709899","display_name":"Xiaojun Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","School of Architectural and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architectural and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044922023"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83832793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"8","first_page":"7038","last_page":"7050"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6798219084739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.5821461081504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-point","display_name":"Data point","score":0.5282850861549377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49744465947151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4937523305416107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.48223456740379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4595962464809418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4592018723487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4337022304534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36533039808273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25612619519233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23547235131263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.23168909549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2202407419681549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.19607818126678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10980397462844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10575711727142334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6798219084739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5821461081504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.5282850861549377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49744465947151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4937523305416107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.48223456740379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4595962464809418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4592018723487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4337022304534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36533039808273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25612619519233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23547235131263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.23168909549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2202407419681549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.19607818126678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10980397462844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10575711727142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3032167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3032167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1179898899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41901399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1316390029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18DZ1206401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1482553160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0107400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3640744349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19S02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326938","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5160381998","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41671449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5529438324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41974213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326938","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1239585782","https://openalex.org/W1614886892","https://openalex.org/W1819141188","https://openalex.org/W1963641565","https://openalex.org/W1965286517","https://openalex.org/W1968833491","https://openalex.org/W1970991873","https://openalex.org/W1971022913","https://openalex.org/W1984579500","https://openalex.org/W1993457928","https://openalex.org/W2009731464","https://openalex.org/W2019917126","https://openalex.org/W2028290485","https://openalex.org/W2030939714","https://openalex.org/W2066709404","https://openalex.org/W2089915976","https://openalex.org/W2102228204","https://openalex.org/W2113551198","https://openalex.org/W2156892144","https://openalex.org/W2163127636","https://openalex.org/W2163478020","https://openalex.org/W2164200789","https://openalex.org/W2194745211","https://openalex.org/W2223657480","https://openalex.org/W2245444544","https://openalex.org/W2280788228","https://openalex.org/W2288583194","https://openalex.org/W2302538754","https://openalex.org/W2345773760","https://openalex.org/W2587198835","https://openalex.org/W2588973786","https://openalex.org/W2596175900","https://openalex.org/W2612949972","https://openalex.org/W2742575390","https://openalex.org/W2754470632","https://openalex.org/W2766595911","https://openalex.org/W2768136227","https://openalex.org/W2799908932","https://openalex.org/W2804653372","https://openalex.org/W2891682150","https://openalex.org/W2891829124","https://openalex.org/W2898241695","https://openalex.org/W2903772126","https://openalex.org/W2906056843","https://openalex.org/W2907127092","https://openalex.org/W2914528556","https://openalex.org/W2915801748","https://openalex.org/W2936114887","https://openalex.org/W2936691255","https://openalex.org/W2958748255","https://openalex.org/W2983050543","https://openalex.org/W2990185892","https://openalex.org/W3015072278"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592011997","https://openalex.org/W2731990012","https://openalex.org/W2378102625","https://openalex.org/W2113748593","https://openalex.org/W3211697770","https://openalex.org/W4377091431","https://openalex.org/W2373002456","https://openalex.org/W4366085907","https://openalex.org/W2026647224","https://openalex.org/W4210779250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Terrestrial":[0],"laser":[1],"scanning":[2],"(TLS)":[3],"is":[4,37,55,136,149],"a":[5,38,52,98,145,216],"highly":[6],"effective":[7],"and":[8,15,23,31,43,61,73,159,189,199,211,221,228,230,238,248],"noninvasive":[9],"technology":[10],"for":[11,40,117,241],"retrieving":[12],"the":[13,41,59,69,83,90,101,106,112,118,125,129,132,141,160,169,179,182,193,206,231],"structural":[14],"biophysical":[16],"attributes":[17],"of":[18,29,46,64,100,121,124,131,140,181,192,208,219,226],"trees":[19,66,174,195,243],"using":[20],"3-D":[21],"high-accuracy":[22],"high-density":[24],"point":[25],"clouds.":[26],"The":[27,77,185,202],"separation":[28,120,218,233],"leaf":[30,60,78,102,126,134,162,220],"wood":[32,62,84,142,222],"points":[33,63,79,103,127,135,163,223],"in":[34,108,166,224],"TLS":[35,70,209],"data":[36,93,114,213],"prerequisite":[39],"accurate":[42],"reliable":[44],"derivation":[45],"these":[47],"attributes.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"new":[53],"method":[54,234],"proposed":[56,183,232],"to":[57,96,151,177],"separate":[58,97],"individual":[65],"by":[67],"combining":[68],"radiometric":[71],"(intensity)":[72],"geometric":[74],"(density)":[75],"data.":[76],"are":[80,94,115,164,175,196],"separated":[81,165],"from":[82],"ones":[85],"through":[86],"three":[87],"steps.":[88],"First,":[89],"corrected":[91],"intensity":[92,210],"used":[95,240],"part":[99,123],"preliminarily":[104],"given":[105],"differences":[107],"reflectance":[109],"characteristics.":[110],"Second,":[111],"density":[113,130,212],"adopted":[116],"further":[119],"another":[122],"because":[128],"remaining":[133,161],"smaller":[137],"than":[138],"that":[139,205],"points.":[143],"Finally,":[144],"connectivity":[146],"clustering":[147],"algorithm":[148],"conducted":[150],"form":[152],"several":[153],"clusters":[154],"with":[155,168,244],"different":[156,173,245],"sizes":[157],"(points)":[158],"accordance":[167],"cluster":[170],"sizes.":[171],"Eight":[172],"selected":[176],"evaluate":[178],"performance":[180],"method.":[184],"averaged":[186],"overall":[187],"accuracy":[188],"kappa":[190],"coefficient":[191],"eight":[194],"approximately":[197],"95%":[198],"0.81,":[200],"respectively.":[201],"results":[203],"suggest":[204],"combination":[207],"can":[214,235],"perform":[215],"superior":[217],"terms":[225],"efficiency":[227],"accuracy,":[229],"be":[236],"accurately":[237],"robustly":[239],"various":[242],"species,":[246],"sizes,":[247],"structures.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
