{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048644861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3012981","title":"A Novel Pattern for Infrared Small Target Detection With Generative Adversarial Network","display_name":"A Novel Pattern for Infrared Small Target Detection With Generative Adversarial Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048644861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3012981","mag":"3048644861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3012981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3012981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101607103","display_name":"Bin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3489-8242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101822220","display_name":"Chunping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7432-6885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7432-6885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074285975","display_name":"Qiang Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-9856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061133753","display_name":"Zishuo Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0449-6439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zishuo Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101607103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":162.8374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":203,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9996976,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"5","first_page":"4481","last_page":"4492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.9257183074951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8058372735977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.6620945930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6567599773406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.644646406173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6320455074310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5922525525093079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.573359489440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.49319785833358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.48310422897338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.46524059772491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-translation","display_name":"Image translation","score":0.44294169545173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.42834874987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4282534718513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4216088056564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.41370198130607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3986096680164337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08268016576766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07926711440086365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.9257183074951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8058372735977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.6620945930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6567599773406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.644646406173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6320455074310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5922525525093079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.573359489440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.49319785833358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.48310422897338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.46524059772491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779757391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002292","display_name":"Image translation","level":3,"score":0.44294169545173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42834874987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4282534718513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4216088056564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.41370198130607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3986096680164337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08268016576766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07926711440086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.3012981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.3012981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W946389854","https://openalex.org/W1647290738","https://openalex.org/W1710476689","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1982702853","https://openalex.org/W1983680350","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2037568823","https://openalex.org/W2077046323","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2345585890","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2608358103","https://openalex.org/W2741058951","https://openalex.org/W2770868881","https://openalex.org/W2780677785","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2798964604","https://openalex.org/W2885719068","https://openalex.org/W2886904239","https://openalex.org/W2900678331","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2946475319","https://openalex.org/W2951497578","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W2971919319","https://openalex.org/W2972588472","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6704936871","https://openalex.org/W6753610190","https://openalex.org/W6764514735"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293202849","https://openalex.org/W1980965563","https://openalex.org/W1489300767","https://openalex.org/W2995777218","https://openalex.org/W2918279720","https://openalex.org/W3171025045","https://openalex.org/W2936485314","https://openalex.org/W4282977492","https://openalex.org/W2905311601","https://openalex.org/W3178813832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"existing":[1],"detectors":[2],"are":[3],"often":[4],"sensitive":[5],"to":[6,22,54,89,105,130],"the":[7,25,37,40,57,64,75,81,91,97,107,111,125,159,172,183],"complex":[8],"background,":[9],"a":[10,51,131],"novel":[11],"detection":[12,112,184],"pattern":[13],"based":[14],"on":[15,24,165],"generative":[16],"adversarial":[17,103],"network":[18],"(GAN)":[19],"is":[20,70,87,100,114,128],"proposed":[21,163,173],"focus":[23],"essential":[26],"features":[27,58],"of":[28,59,66,94,149,162,182],"infrared":[29,41],"small":[30,42],"target":[31,69,136],"in":[32],"this":[33,139],"article.":[34],"Motivated":[35],"by":[36,74,122],"fact":[38],"that":[39],"targets":[43,60],"have":[44],"their":[45],"unique":[46],"distribution":[47],"characteristics,":[48],"we":[49,141],"construct":[50],"GAN":[52],"model":[53],"automatically":[55],"learn":[56],"and":[61,72,168],"directly":[62],"predict":[63],"intensity":[65],"targets.":[67,169],"The":[68],"recognized":[71],"reconstructed":[73],"generator,":[76],"built":[77],"upon":[78],"U-Net,":[79],"according":[80],"data":[82],"distribution.":[83],"A":[84],"five-layer":[85],"discriminator":[86],"constructed":[88],"enhance":[90],"data-fitting":[92],"ability":[93],"generator.":[95],"Besides,":[96],"L2":[98],"loss":[99,104],"added":[101],"into":[102],"improve":[106,176],"localization.":[108],"In":[109,170],"general,":[110],"problem":[113,120],"formulated":[115],"as":[116],"an":[117],"image-to-image":[118],"translation":[119],"implemented":[121],"GAN,":[123],"namely":[124],"original":[126],"image":[127,133],"translated":[129],"detected":[132],"with":[134,146],"only":[135],"remained.":[137],"By":[138],"way,":[140],"can":[142],"achieve":[143],"reasonable":[144],"results":[145,185],"no":[147],"need":[148],"specific":[150],"mapping":[151],"function":[152],"or":[153],"hand-engineering":[154],"features.":[155],"Extensive":[156],"experiments":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"outstanding":[160],"performance":[161],"method":[164,174],"various":[166],"backgrounds":[167],"particular,":[171],"significantly":[175],"intersection":[177],"over":[178],"union":[179],"(IoU)":[180],"values":[181],"than":[186],"state-of-the-art":[187],"methods.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}