{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035821888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2999962","title":"Assessing the Threat of Adversarial Examples on Deep Neural Networks for Remote Sensing Scene Classification: Attacks and Defenses","display_name":"Assessing the Threat of Adversarial Examples on Deep Neural Networks for Remote Sensing Scene Classification: Attacks and Defenses","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035821888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2999962","mag":"3035821888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.2999962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2999962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068885379","display_name":"Yonghao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonghao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060042752","display_name":"Bo Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-8458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673818","display_name":"Liangpei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068885379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.662,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":151,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98813961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"2","first_page":"1604","last_page":"1617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9261000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9270787239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7483393549919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7472161054611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6859474182128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.6078748106956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5611711144447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5313580632209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5253978371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5080845355987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49996519088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.436578631401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18594053387641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08762151002883911}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9270787239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7483393549919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7472161054611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6859474182128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.6078748106956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5611711144447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5313580632209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5253978371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5080845355987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49996519088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.436578631401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18594053387641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08762151002883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.2999962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2999962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1787015647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41431175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3507083598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61822113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7545859506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41871243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7642468412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41300082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W258213556","https://openalex.org/W1157380099","https://openalex.org/W1526295910","https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1917380066","https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1968591910","https://openalex.org/W1969840923","https://openalex.org/W1977617632","https://openalex.org/W1977904037","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W1989316905","https://openalex.org/W2001123951","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2006603039","https://openalex.org/W2023930442","https://openalex.org/W2024106491","https://openalex.org/W2024815898","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2033648988","https://openalex.org/W2040648426","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2067178723","https://openalex.org/W2077689834","https://openalex.org/W2078478672","https://openalex.org/W2085625911","https://openalex.org/W2086866337","https://openalex.org/W2091280333","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2098642880","https://openalex.org/W2098676252","https://openalex.org/W2105568170","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115799903","https://openalex.org/W2120782420","https://openalex.org/W2122317659","https://openalex.org/W2131386954","https://openalex.org/W2145717442","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153425333","https://openalex.org/W2154905357","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2190186811","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2213075807","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2248723555","https://openalex.org/W2291068538","https://openalex.org/W2294802479","https://openalex.org/W2301229337","https://openalex.org/W2312674856","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2342045095","https://openalex.org/W2347115704","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2515866431","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2660018007","https://openalex.org/W2757094569","https://openalex.org/W2759518055","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2779054585","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2783165089","https://openalex.org/W2789784903","https://openalex.org/W2792365373","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2804451008","https://openalex.org/W2804458818","https://openalex.org/W2890732922","https://openalex.org/W2893554781","https://openalex.org/W2896283308","https://openalex.org/W2905573335","https://openalex.org/W2914757358","https://openalex.org/W2914885528","https://openalex.org/W2940939359","https://openalex.org/W2951220338","https://openalex.org/W2962761044","https://openalex.org/W2963229629","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2996763163","https://openalex.org/W3100245404","https://openalex.org/W3101640299","https://openalex.org/W3104282073","https://openalex.org/W3105577662","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640300313","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6679699912","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687157873","https://openalex.org/W6738471743","https://openalex.org/W6755038706"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950183588","https://openalex.org/W3080754722","https://openalex.org/W4383221314","https://openalex.org/W3093978547","https://openalex.org/W2953536436","https://openalex.org/W3203790781","https://openalex.org/W2997056298","https://openalex.org/W4313346231","https://openalex.org/W2738001131","https://openalex.org/W4285785480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1,60,149,216],"networks,":[2],"which":[3,79,188],"can":[4,108],"learn":[5],"the":[6,22,29,53,90,99,118,122,142,146,160,169,178,191,213,223],"representative":[7],"and":[8,69,111,121],"discriminative":[9],"features":[10],"from":[11],"data":[12,206],"in":[13,21,128,168,185],"a":[14,83],"hierarchical":[15],"manner,":[16],"have":[17,36],"achieved":[18],"state-of-the-art":[19,147],"performance":[20],"remote":[23,63,102,171],"sensing":[24,64,103,172],"scene":[25,65],"classification":[26],"task.":[27],"Despite":[28],"great":[30],"success":[31],"that":[32,132,209],"deep":[33,59,91,148,165,194,215],"learning":[34,92,166],"algorithms":[35],"obtained,":[37],"their":[38,230],"vulnerability":[39,231],"toward":[40,196,232],"adversarial":[41,56,77,106,119,136,179,197,221,224,233],"examples":[42,57,107,120,137],"deserves":[43],"our":[44,129],"special":[45],"attention.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48,176,186],"article,":[49,187],"we":[50],"systematically":[51],"analyze":[52],"threat":[54],"of":[55,134,163,193,212],"on":[58,201],"networks":[61,150,217],"for":[62],"classification.":[66],"Both":[67],"targeted":[68],"untargeted":[70],"attacks":[71],"are":[72,80,113,218],"performed":[73],"to":[74,82,98,220,228],"generate":[75],"subtle":[76],"perturbations,":[78,222],"imperceptible":[81],"human":[84],"observer":[85],"but":[86],"may":[87,138,158],"easily":[88],"fool":[89],"models.":[93],"Simply":[94],"adding":[95],"these":[96,135,164],"perturbations":[97],"original":[100,123],"high-resolution":[101],"(HRRS)":[104],"images,":[105],"be":[109,139],"generated,":[110],"there":[112],"only":[114],"slight":[115],"differences":[116],"between":[117],"ones.":[124],"An":[125],"intriguing":[126],"discovery":[127],"study":[130],"shows":[131],"most":[133,211],"misclassified":[140],"into":[141],"wrong":[143],"category":[144],"by":[145],"with":[151],"very":[152],"high":[153],"confidence.":[154],"This":[155],"phenomenon,":[156],"undoubtedly,":[157],"limit":[159],"practical":[161],"deployment":[162],"models":[167,195],"safety-critical":[170],"field.":[173],"To":[174],"address":[175],"problem,":[177],"training":[180,225],"strategy":[181,226],"is":[182],"further":[183],"investigated":[184],"significantly":[189],"increases":[190],"resistibility":[192],"examples.":[198,234],"Extensive":[199],"experiments":[200],"three":[202],"benchmark":[203],"HRRS":[204],"image":[205],"sets":[207],"demonstrate":[208],"while":[210],"well-known":[214],"sensitive":[219],"helps":[227],"alleviate":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}