{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3028748421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2995892","title":"Modeling of Correlated Complex Sea Clutter Using Unsupervised Phase Retrieval","display_name":"Modeling of Correlated Complex Sea Clutter Using Unsupervised Phase Retrieval","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3028748421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2995892","mag":"3028748421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.2995892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2995892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026925494","display_name":"Liwu Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-9225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liwu Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-9225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022275919","display_name":"Jinshan Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-0449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinshan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-0449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012020316","display_name":"Chao Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2578-1627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2578-1627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047844850","display_name":"Qinghua Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5180-7854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5180-7854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026925494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97485294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"1","first_page":"228","last_page":"239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.9176348447799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6304329633712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5184049606323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5166983604431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.51335209608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.4679858684539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.45834797620773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4518461227416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44968998432159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4342536926269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42475077509880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41329771280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3381298780441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3001827597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17124056816101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1615246832370758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15102314949035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14179611206054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10170727968215942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.9176348447799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6304329633712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5184049606323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5166983604431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.51335209608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.4679858684539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.45834797620773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4518461227416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44968998432159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4342536926269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42475077509880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41329771280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3381298780441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3001827597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17124056816101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1615246832370758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15102314949035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14179611206054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10170727968215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.2995892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2995892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.uow.edu.au:test2021-1936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/test2021/927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400510","display_name":"Research Online (University of Wollongong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","host_organization_name":"University of Wollongong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Test Series for Scopus Harvesting 2021","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27813918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27813918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494044264","https://openalex.org/W1974480218","https://openalex.org/W1974745854","https://openalex.org/W1982298031","https://openalex.org/W1988324566","https://openalex.org/W1990044189","https://openalex.org/W1990300168","https://openalex.org/W2003859796","https://openalex.org/W2018754663","https://openalex.org/W2034783362","https://openalex.org/W2037495282","https://openalex.org/W2048157602","https://openalex.org/W2051910219","https://openalex.org/W2060839960","https://openalex.org/W2064795197","https://openalex.org/W2073404353","https://openalex.org/W2089189450","https://openalex.org/W2107408144","https://openalex.org/W2108941417","https://openalex.org/W2122013903","https://openalex.org/W2133596865","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2140066159","https://openalex.org/W2141390185","https://openalex.org/W2145384550","https://openalex.org/W2159887279","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2341965302","https://openalex.org/W2410354609","https://openalex.org/W2521409268","https://openalex.org/W2593173044","https://openalex.org/W2626421062","https://openalex.org/W2750807375","https://openalex.org/W2790941188","https://openalex.org/W2803543636","https://openalex.org/W2809641498","https://openalex.org/W2898290599","https://openalex.org/W2958693219","https://openalex.org/W3213545458","https://openalex.org/W4244369233","https://openalex.org/W4302769200","https://openalex.org/W6704670567","https://openalex.org/W6803959719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388326001","https://openalex.org/W3011102797","https://openalex.org/W4320921117","https://openalex.org/W2351401443","https://openalex.org/W2115015615","https://openalex.org/W1968850503","https://openalex.org/W1649651896","https://openalex.org/W2116961228","https://openalex.org/W1952514008","https://openalex.org/W4387803549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,51,90,141,194,220],"spatially":[1],"and":[2,54,77,81,95,107,134,154,178,191,204,226,231,244],"temporally":[3],"correlated":[4,42],"sea":[5,21,44,92,127,159,185],"clutter":[6,22,45,93,128,160,186],"with":[7,187,211,238],"phase":[8,36,63],"information":[9],"is":[10,24,88,208,229],"valuable":[11],"for":[12,39,61],"marine":[13],"radar":[14,176],"applications.":[15],"major":[17],"difficulty":[18],"of":[19,27,85,126,158,222,241],"coherent":[20],"modeling":[23,40],"the":[25,28,41,62,73,83,96,103,124,150,155,169,183,202,212,239],"generation":[26],"continuous":[29],"phases.":[30],"This":[31,162],"article":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,137],"new":[35],"retrieval":[37,64],"approach":[38,164],"complex":[43,184],"based":[46],"on":[47,65],"unsupervised":[48,52],"neural":[49,56],"networks.":[50],"short-term":[53,117],"long-term":[55],"networks":[57,71,120],"have":[58,72],"been":[59,166],"developed":[60],"different":[66],"term":[67],"scales.":[68],"Both":[69],"these":[70],"same":[74],"input":[75],"layer":[76],"feature":[78],"extraction":[79],"module,":[80],"however,":[82],"number":[84],"output":[86],"neurons":[87],"different.":[89],"amplitude":[91,195],"series":[94],"desired":[97,151],"Doppler":[98,152,192,206,223],"spectrum":[99,153,227],"are":[100,110,132],"fed":[101],"into":[102],"network":[104,139],"in":[105],"parallel,":[106],"their":[108],"features":[109,131],"extracted":[111],"by":[112,136,147,168],"two":[113],"parallel":[114],"bidirectional":[115],"long":[116],"memory":[118],"(Bi-LSTM)":[119],"which":[121],"sufficiently":[122],"utilize":[123],"correlations":[125],"data.":[129],"These":[130],"concatenated":[133],"fused":[135],"residual":[138],"(ResNet).":[140],"phases":[142],"can":[143,180],"be":[144],"successfully":[145],"obtained":[146,203],"constraining":[148],"to":[149,218],"given":[156],"amplitudes":[157],"series.":[161],"proposed":[163],"has":[165],"verified":[167],"measured":[170,205],"Ice":[171],"Multiparameter":[172],"Imaging":[173],"X-Band":[174],"(IPIX)":[175],"data,":[177],"it":[179],"precisely":[181],"model":[182],"specified":[188],"statistic":[189],"characteristics":[190],"properties.":[193],"root":[196],"mean":[197],"square":[198],"error":[199],"(RMSE)":[200],"between":[201,214],"spectra":[207],"only":[209],"1.5065":[210],"interval":[213],"adjacent":[215],"frames":[216],"equals":[217],"32.":[219],"RMSE":[221],"central":[224],"frequency":[225],"width":[228],"6.9306":[230],"1.2293":[232],"Hz,":[233],"respectively.":[234],"It":[235],"shows":[236],"robustness":[237],"change":[240],"range":[242],"resolution":[243],"interval.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
