{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3026127269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2989131","title":"Ionospheric Total Electron Content Estimation Using GNSS Carrier Phase Observations Based on Zero-Difference Integer Ambiguity: Methodology and Assessment","display_name":"Ionospheric Total Electron Content Estimation Using GNSS Carrier Phase Observations Based on Zero-Difference Integer Ambiguity: Methodology and Assessment","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3026127269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2989131","mag":"3026127269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.2989131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2989131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002550938","display_name":"Xiaodong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-0067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-0067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101919016","display_name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100661809","display_name":"Xingxing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-4151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingxing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-4151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330113","display_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-2548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9503012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"1","first_page":"817","last_page":"830"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.9005197286605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.7258800268173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.7150840759277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.611260712146759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-resolution","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","score":0.5624757409095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4650726318359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4574649930000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.43714362382888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.42506280541419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4250562787055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.3964288830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3959062099456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.39418160915374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3435933589935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18032759428024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16452693939208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10600760579109192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.07484087347984314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.9005197286605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.7258800268173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.7150840759277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.611260712146759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777559092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741445","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","level":4,"score":0.5624757409095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4650726318359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4574649930000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.43714362382888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.42506280541419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4250562787055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.3964288830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3959062099456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.39418160915374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3435933589935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18032759428024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16452693939208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10600760579109192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.07484087347984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2020.2989131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2020.2989131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4088104803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41825009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4123282220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018CFA081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5125605607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKLGED2020-3-4-E","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5519842518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7136134001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GE2019-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71924109","https://openalex.org/W254665791","https://openalex.org/W1147187281","https://openalex.org/W1616794063","https://openalex.org/W1968337373","https://openalex.org/W1972063889","https://openalex.org/W1973500734","https://openalex.org/W1986964719","https://openalex.org/W1987326676","https://openalex.org/W1995684967","https://openalex.org/W2004550622","https://openalex.org/W2007844582","https://openalex.org/W2021594447","https://openalex.org/W2022136648","https://openalex.org/W2024616801","https://openalex.org/W2033424762","https://openalex.org/W2040105363","https://openalex.org/W2047914047","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2075056964","https://openalex.org/W2080748393","https://openalex.org/W2085101070","https://openalex.org/W2091247042","https://openalex.org/W2093866765","https://openalex.org/W2099263193","https://openalex.org/W2118829393","https://openalex.org/W2132338983","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2148255198","https://openalex.org/W2154296673","https://openalex.org/W2162724914","https://openalex.org/W2168987504","https://openalex.org/W2199089179","https://openalex.org/W2273192325","https://openalex.org/W2463081686","https://openalex.org/W2464453122","https://openalex.org/W2528877356","https://openalex.org/W2770194917","https://openalex.org/W2788023188","https://openalex.org/W2990229927","https://openalex.org/W2990388421","https://openalex.org/W3151820047","https://openalex.org/W6686749315","https://openalex.org/W6793902981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3012062545","https://openalex.org/W2280162962","https://openalex.org/W4285619956","https://openalex.org/W2281447254","https://openalex.org/W3113677547","https://openalex.org/W2126967363","https://openalex.org/W2070556664","https://openalex.org/W2050546935","https://openalex.org/W1971276880","https://openalex.org/W4306291904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precise":[0],"extraction":[1,102],"of":[2,59,87,96,99,121,165,176,211,244,251],"ionospheric":[3,18,79,97,122],"total":[4],"electron":[5],"content":[6],"(TEC)":[7],"observations":[8,214],"with":[9,207],"high":[10,260],"precision":[11,120,210],"is":[12,50,90,220,226,236,267],"the":[13,57,60,69,94,109,117,133,138,145,157,163,166,209,212,217,237,255,264],"precondition":[14],"for":[15,141,228],"establishing":[16],"high-precision":[17],"TEC":[19,28,177,189,213],"models.":[20],"Nowadays,":[21],"there":[22],"are":[23,184,199],"several":[24],"ways":[25],"to":[26,67,77,161],"extract":[27,78],"observations,":[29,80],"e.g.,":[30,269],"raw-code":[31],"method":[32,36,45,219,257],"(Raw-C),":[33],"phase-leveled":[34],"code":[35],"(PL-C),":[37],"and":[38,40,54,111,119,144,154,182,187,193,202,249],"undifferenced":[39],"uncombined":[41],"precise":[42],"point":[43],"positioning":[44,252],"(UD-PPP);":[46],"however,":[47],"their":[48,194],"accuracy":[49,261],"affected":[51],"by":[52,136,150,179,216,222],"multipath":[53],"noise.":[55],"Considering":[56],"limitations":[58],"three":[61],"traditional":[62],"methods,":[63,131],"we":[64],"try":[65],"directly":[66],"use":[68,156],"phase":[70],"observation":[71],"based":[72],"on":[73],"zero-difference":[74],"integer":[75],"ambiguity":[76],"namely,":[81],"PPP-Fixed":[82,167,183,218,235,256],"method.":[83,168],"The":[84,169,230],"main":[85],"goal":[86],"this":[88],"work":[89],"to:":[91],"1)":[92],"deduce":[93],"expression":[95],"observables":[98,123],"these":[100,240],"four":[101],"methods":[103,241],"in":[104,242],"a":[105],"mathematical":[106],"formula,":[107],"especially":[108],"satellite":[110],"receiver":[112],"hardware":[113],"delays;":[114],"2)":[115],"investigate":[116],"performance":[118],"extracted":[124,178,215],"from":[125],"different":[126],"algorithms":[127],"using":[128],"two":[129,151],"validation":[130],"i.e.,":[132],"co-location":[134,152],"experiment":[135,160,232],"calculating":[137],"single":[139],"difference":[140],"each":[142],"satellite,":[143],"single-frequency":[146],"PPP":[147],"(SF-PPP)":[148],"test":[149],"stations;":[153],"3)":[155],"short":[158],"arc":[159,266],"demonstrate":[162],"advantages":[164],"results":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172,234],"single-difference":[173,197],"mean":[174],"errors":[175],"PL-C,":[180,208],"UD-PPP,":[181],"1.81,":[185],"0.59,":[186],"0.15":[188],"unit":[190],"(TECU),":[191],"respectively,":[192],"corresponding":[195],"maximum":[196],"values":[198],"5.12,":[200],"1.68,":[201],"0.43":[203],"TECU,":[204],"respectively.":[205],"Compared":[206],"improved":[221],"91.7%,":[223],"while":[224],"it":[225],"67.3%":[227],"UD-PPP.":[229],"SF-PPP":[231],"shows":[233],"best":[238],"among":[239],"terms":[243],"convergence":[245],"speed,":[246],"correction":[247],"accuracy,":[248],"reliability":[250],"performance.":[253],"Moreover,":[254],"can":[258],"achieve":[259],"even":[262],"when":[263],"observed":[265],"short,":[268],"within":[270],"40":[271],"min.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
