{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968214327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929422","title":"Distributed Radar Sounder: A Novel Concept for Subsurface Investigations Using Sensors in Formation Flight","display_name":"Distributed Radar Sounder: A Novel Concept for Subsurface Investigations Using Sensors in Formation Flight","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968214327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929422","mag":"2968214327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044918784","display_name":"Leonardo Carrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4599-7900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Carrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028965348","display_name":"Christopher Gerekos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1526-1249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Gerekos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087668203","display_name":"Francesca Bovolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-7656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Bovolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Information and Communication Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Information and Communication Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006095323","display_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-459X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044918784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89524481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"12","first_page":"9791","last_page":"9809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7537109851837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7274633646011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6251185536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6142380833625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadir","display_name":"Nadir","score":0.5074426531791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.4577469229698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-lock-on","display_name":"Radar lock-on","score":0.429210901260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-radar","display_name":"3D radar","score":0.4256005883216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4250129461288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.4167421758174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.40228044986724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2406151294708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.2137887179851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.2037520706653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19031381607055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12740930914878845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7537109851837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7274633646011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6251185536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6142380833625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88575799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145825","display_name":"Nadir","level":3,"score":0.5074426531791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.4577469229698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185565061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878284","display_name":"Radar lock-on","level":5,"score":0.429210901260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.4256005883216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4250129461288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.4167421758174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.40228044986724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2406151294708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.2137887179851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2037520706653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19031381607055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12740930914878845}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/242972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11572/242972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6506944523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ASI n. 2016-14-U.O","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322256","funder_display_name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322256","display_name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/034zgem50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W952783030","https://openalex.org/W1532691246","https://openalex.org/W1595367758","https://openalex.org/W1632257414","https://openalex.org/W1636384478","https://openalex.org/W1777396328","https://openalex.org/W1827421775","https://openalex.org/W1936214208","https://openalex.org/W1968204053","https://openalex.org/W1985750824","https://openalex.org/W2016201669","https://openalex.org/W2022788610","https://openalex.org/W2031269116","https://openalex.org/W2079932841","https://openalex.org/W2085982913","https://openalex.org/W2090396331","https://openalex.org/W2104495657","https://openalex.org/W2119831998","https://openalex.org/W2121164544","https://openalex.org/W2122552646","https://openalex.org/W2123187585","https://openalex.org/W2139569374","https://openalex.org/W2156567817","https://openalex.org/W2167753360","https://openalex.org/W2265657349","https://openalex.org/W2274933478","https://openalex.org/W2321158942","https://openalex.org/W2490932292","https://openalex.org/W2501497351","https://openalex.org/W2590939275","https://openalex.org/W2737904497","https://openalex.org/W2786376166","https://openalex.org/W2789345581","https://openalex.org/W2791628640","https://openalex.org/W2792164085","https://openalex.org/W3104668883","https://openalex.org/W4205279868","https://openalex.org/W6693291196"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125716714","https://openalex.org/W2068771776","https://openalex.org/W4380451819","https://openalex.org/W2369795756","https://openalex.org/W1577154265","https://openalex.org/W2151297847","https://openalex.org/W2278311839","https://openalex.org/W2363021718","https://openalex.org/W4319586226","https://openalex.org/W2012776988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spaceborne":[0],"radar":[1,87,129,138,186],"sounders":[2],"are":[3],"nadir-looking":[4],"sensors":[5,29],"operating":[6,140],"in":[7,36,62,71,77,141,194],"the":[8,54,106,109,112,121,124,127,155,162,167,174,195,199,203],"high":[9,14],"frequency":[10,15],"(HF)":[11],"or":[12],"very":[13,58],"(VHF)":[16],"bands":[17],"with":[18,95,179],"subsurface":[19],"sensing":[20],"capabilities.":[21],"Due":[22],"to":[23,181],"technological":[24,50],"limitations,":[25],"this":[26,78],"type":[27],"of":[28,56,85,111,123,126,157,198],"often":[30],"deploys":[31],"omnidirectional":[32],"antennas.":[33],"This":[34],"results":[35,133],"undesired":[37],"artifacts":[38],"such":[39],"as":[40,149],"off-nadir":[41],"clutter":[42],"which":[43,102],"could":[44],"hinder":[45],"data":[46,196],"interpretation.":[47],"Very":[48],"recent":[49],"advancements":[51],"open":[52],"up":[53],"possibility":[55],"synthesizing":[57],"large":[59,192],"antenna":[60],"apertures":[61],"HF/VHF":[63],"band":[64],"by":[65,202],"using":[66],"small":[67,142],"satellites":[68,143],"array":[69],"deployed":[70],"suitable":[72],"orbital":[73,118],"formation":[74,144],"flying.":[75],"Accordingly,":[76],"study,":[79],"we":[80,115],"propose":[81],"a":[82,96,136,182],"novel":[83],"concept":[84,92],"distributed":[86,128,137],"sounder":[88,130,139,187],"system.":[89,131],"The":[90,132],"proposed":[91],"is":[93,146],"complemented":[94],"mathematical":[97],"model":[98],"for":[99,120],"performance":[100],"prediction":[101],"takes":[103],"into":[104],"account":[105],"uncertainty":[107],"on":[108],"position":[110],"sensors.":[113,205],"Moreover,":[114],"discuss":[116],"possible":[117],"solutions":[119],"problem":[122],"deployment":[125],"show":[134],"that":[135],"flying":[145],"particularly":[147],"appealing":[148],"it":[150],"can:":[151],"1)":[152],"substantially":[153],"reduce":[154],"impact":[156],"surface":[158],"clutter;":[159],"2)":[160],"increase":[161,166],"across-track":[163],"resolution;":[164],"3)":[165],"signal-to-noise":[168],"ratio":[169],"(SNR)":[170],"(or,":[171],"alternatively,":[172],"decrease":[173],"overall":[175],"required":[176],"transmitted":[177],"power":[178],"respect":[180],"traditional":[183],"single":[184],"configuration":[185],"design);":[188],"and":[189],"4)":[190],"provide":[191],"flexibility":[193],"processing":[197],"signals":[200],"acquired":[201],"different":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}