{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967073193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2926397","title":"Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework for Automatic Road Extraction","display_name":"Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework for Automatic Road Extraction","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967073193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2926397","mag":"2967073193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2926397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2926397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011042925","display_name":"Xiaoyan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754351","display_name":"Yanfei Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-5850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfei Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000877601","display_name":"Zhuo Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1811-6725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100667550","display_name":"Yanfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2231-840X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041081010","display_name":"Ji Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030713988","display_name":"Ailong Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3692-6473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ailong Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681896","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3706-2462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011042925"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.2295,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":189,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99792574,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"11","first_page":"9362","last_page":"9377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7961722612380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.781949520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6927018761634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6565864682197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5582535862922668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4760567843914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4709899127483368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41178199648857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4085332155227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34593623876571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3367680311203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09462139010429382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06926396489143372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7961722612380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.781949520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6927018761634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6565864682197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5582535862922668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4760567843914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4709899127483368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41178199648857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4085332155227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34593623876571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3367680311203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09462139010429382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06926396489143372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2926397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2926397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3909553980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016CFA029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4629252920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771385","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5092641215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41622107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6466827110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M622522","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6858564447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8603471367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0504202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1535289548","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1817993859","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1837697898","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1974097572","https://openalex.org/W1984288883","https://openalex.org/W2029377763","https://openalex.org/W2032850818","https://openalex.org/W2050560048","https://openalex.org/W2050888744","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2156044350","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167215479","https://openalex.org/W2175578667","https://openalex.org/W2190186811","https://openalex.org/W2244429148","https://openalex.org/W2252405272","https://openalex.org/W2293149407","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2411643563","https://openalex.org/W2416190443","https://openalex.org/W2547880720","https://openalex.org/W2551751523","https://openalex.org/W2593886839","https://openalex.org/W2623331213","https://openalex.org/W2623490820","https://openalex.org/W2715220489","https://openalex.org/W2742398205","https://openalex.org/W2754661820","https://openalex.org/W2758247951","https://openalex.org/W2765947658","https://openalex.org/W2771635595","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2782757030","https://openalex.org/W2786498852","https://openalex.org/W2793937251","https://openalex.org/W2883589384","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2921458013","https://openalex.org/W2963563573","https://openalex.org/W2964041906","https://openalex.org/W2997342692","https://openalex.org/W3102850314","https://openalex.org/W3103410140","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685541693","https://openalex.org/W6687157873","https://openalex.org/W6747680804","https://openalex.org/W7020680850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W4281727072","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W1589637664","https://openalex.org/W1996690921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Road":[0,20],"detection":[1,21,36,113],"and":[2,22,43,66,81,90,108,114,176,199,206,222],"centerline":[3,23,45,115],"extraction":[4,24,98,116,218],"from":[5,203],"very":[6],"high-resolution":[7],"(VHR)":[8],"remote":[9],"sensing":[10],"imagery":[11],"are":[12,187],"of":[13,40,50,56,150,165,172,183],"great":[14],"significance":[15],"in":[16,143,235],"various":[17],"practical":[18],"applications.":[19],"operations":[25],"depend":[26],"on":[27,193],"each":[28],"other,":[29],"to":[30,78,102,129,133,146,161],"a":[31,87,169],"certain":[32],"extent.":[33],"The":[34,224],"road":[35,52,97,112,196,217,237],"constrains":[37],"the":[38,41,44,47,51,57,70,104,111,122,144,148,151,163,173,177,180,184,207,229],"appearance":[39],"centerline,":[42],"enhances":[46],"linear":[48],"features":[49],"detection.":[53],"However,":[54],"most":[55],"previous":[58],"works":[59],"have":[60,67],"addressed":[61],"these":[62],"two":[63,185,194,200],"tasks":[64,186],"separately":[65],"not":[68],"considered":[69],"symbiotic":[71],"relationship":[72,105],"between":[73,106],"them,":[74],"making":[75],"it":[76],"difficult":[77],"obtain":[79],"smooth":[80],"complete":[82,110],"roads.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85],"paper,":[86],"novel":[88],"multi-scale":[89],"multi-task":[91,126],"deep":[92,215],"learning":[93,127],"framework":[94,145,209],"for":[95,125],"automatic":[96,236],"(MSMT-RE)":[99],"is":[100,119,140,159],"proposed":[101,208,225],"build":[103],"them":[107],"simultaneously":[109],"tasks.":[117],"U-Net":[118],"selected":[120],"as":[121],"basic":[123],"network":[124],"due":[128],"its":[130,233],"strong":[131],"ability":[132],"preserve":[134],"spatial":[135],"details.":[136],"Multi-scale":[137],"feature":[138,152],"integration":[139],"also":[141],"applied":[142],"increase":[147],"robustness":[149],"extraction.":[153,238],"Meanwhile,":[154],"an":[155],"adaptive":[156],"loss":[157],"function":[158],"introduced":[160],"solve":[162],"problems":[164],"roads":[166],"taking":[167],"up":[168],"small":[170],"percentage":[171],"training":[174],"samples,":[175],"fact":[178],"that":[179],"positive":[181],"samples":[182],"unbalanced.":[188],"Finally,":[189],"experiments":[190],"were":[191],"conducted":[192],"public":[195],"data":[197],"sets":[198],"large":[201],"images":[202],"Google":[204],"Earth,":[205],"was":[210],"compared":[211,230],"with":[212],"other":[213],"state-of-the-art":[214],"learning-based":[216],"methods,":[219,231],"both":[220],"quantitatively":[221],"qualitatively.":[223],"approach":[226],"outperformed":[227],"all":[228],"confirming":[232],"advantages":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
