{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2887463361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2895362","title":"R<sup>3</sup>-Net: A Deep Network for Multioriented Vehicle Detection in Aerial Images and Videos","display_name":"R<sup>3</sup>-Net: A Deep Network for Multioriented Vehicle Detection in Aerial Images and Videos","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2887463361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2895362","mag":"2887463361"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2895362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2895362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.05560","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101733974","display_name":"Qingpeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7401-0928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75390827","display_name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00df5yc52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingpeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7401-0928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024379450","display_name":"Lichao Mou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-6413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lichao Mou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103190126","display_name":"Qizhi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-4418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75390827","display_name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00df5yc52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qizhi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-4418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356784","display_name":"Yun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9231-0142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Research Chair Laboratory in Advanced Geomatics Image Processing, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9231-0142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Research Chair Laboratory in Advanced Geomatics Image Processing, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068384981","display_name":"Xiao Xiang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5530-3613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Xiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5530-3613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97735518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"7","first_page":"5028","last_page":"5042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.566072404384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49105191230773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43854260444641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4179227948188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27200114727020264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.566072404384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49105191230773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43854260444641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4179227948188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27200114727020264}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2895362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2895362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:134126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenbeitrag"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1808.05560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.05560","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.05560","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1808.05560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.05560","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.05560","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G403728962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VH-NG-1018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","funder_display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6775118367","display_name":"\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387SAR\u6210\u50cf\u8981\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0e\u96c6\u6210\u5316\u5904\u7406\u5e73\u53f0","funder_award_id":"61331017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7775922652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8256147563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERC-2016-StG-714087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/0281dp749"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324306","display_name":"Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdaz60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W360623563","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1539356909","https://openalex.org/W1594676769","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2043552486","https://openalex.org/W2064022862","https://openalex.org/W2066916495","https://openalex.org/W2085625911","https://openalex.org/W2085641990","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2095537868","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2102673432","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2131081720","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2176924101","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2308318555","https://openalex.org/W2412558220","https://openalex.org/W2473449033","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2515866431","https://openalex.org/W2545630289","https://openalex.org/W2547812480","https://openalex.org/W2558525954","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2605995529","https://openalex.org/W2606788270","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2613825824","https://openalex.org/W2623412144","https://openalex.org/W2624909539","https://openalex.org/W2736200241","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2772489440","https://openalex.org/W2779335303","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2788202095","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2802076210","https://openalex.org/W2804451008","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2884275291","https://openalex.org/W2884419823","https://openalex.org/W2888527098","https://openalex.org/W2890744721","https://openalex.org/W2901565462","https://openalex.org/W2950094539","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2951548327","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963995737","https://openalex.org/W3099008583","https://openalex.org/W3104282073","https://openalex.org/W3105577662","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4245929655","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4300524495","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"detection":[1,146,200],"is":[2,34,85,132,165,251],"a":[3,54,59,94,101,119,125,144,160],"significant":[4],"and":[5,22,44,76,153,171,186,210,218,239],"challenging":[6],"task":[7],"in":[8,73,93,245],"aerial":[9,74,228,246],"remote":[10],"sensing":[11],"applications.":[12],"Most":[13],"existing":[14],"methods":[15],"detect":[16,70],"vehicles":[17,72],"with":[18],"regular":[19],"rectangle":[20],"boxes":[21,92],"fail":[23],"to":[24,69,87,107,134,167],"offer":[25],"the":[26,31,42,136,150,156,169,177,215,231,236],"orientation":[27,32,172],"of":[28,47,111,138,155,180,220,235],"vehicles.":[29,48],"However,":[30],"information":[33,173],"crucial":[35],"for":[36,149,242],"several":[37],"practical":[38],"applications,":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"trajectory":[43],"motion":[45],"estimation":[46],"In":[49,158,182,223],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,99,142],"propose":[53,143],"novel":[55,161],"deep":[56,120],"network,":[57],"called":[58],"rotatable":[60,89,102,109,129,145,162],"region-based":[61],"residual":[62],"network":[63,105,147,195],"(R":[64],"<sup":[65,81],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[66,82,255],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>":[67,83],"-Net),":[68],"multioriented":[71],"images":[75],"videos.":[77,247],"More":[78],"specially,":[79],"R":[80],"-Net":[84],"utilized":[86],"generate":[88,108],"rectangular":[90],"target":[91],"half":[95],"coordinate":[96],"system.":[97],"First,":[98],"use":[100],"region":[103,110],"proposal":[104],"(R-RPN)":[106],"interests":[112],"(R-RoIs)":[113],"from":[114],"feature":[115,178],"maps":[116,179],"produced":[117],"by":[118],"convolutional":[121],"neural":[122],"network.":[123],"Here,":[124],"proposed":[126,237],"batch":[127],"averaging":[128],"anchor":[130],"strategy":[131],"applied":[133],"initialize":[135],"shape":[137],"vehicle":[139,199,243],"candidates.":[140],"Next,":[141],"(R-DN)":[148],"final":[151],"classification":[152],"regression":[154],"R-RoIs.":[157,181],"R-DN,":[159],"position-sensitive":[163],"pooling":[164],"designed":[166],"keep":[168],"position":[170],"simultaneously":[174],"while":[175],"downsampling":[176],"our":[183,194,221],"model,":[184],"R-RPN":[185],"R-DN":[187],"can":[188],"be":[189],"trained":[190],"jointly.":[191],"We":[192],"test":[193],"on":[196,227],"two":[197],"open":[198],"image":[201],"data":[202],"sets,":[203],"namely,":[204],"DLR":[205],"3K":[206],"Munich":[207],"Data":[208,212],"set":[209],"VEDAI":[211],"set,":[213],"demonstrating":[214],"high":[216],"precision":[217],"robustness":[219],"method.":[222],"addition,":[224],"further":[225],"experiments":[226],"videos":[229],"show":[230],"good":[232],"generalization":[233],"capability":[234],"method":[238],"its":[240],"potential":[241],"tracking":[244],"The":[248],"demo":[249],"video":[250],"available":[252],"at":[253],"<uri":[254],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://youtu.be/xCYD-tYudN0</uri>":[256],".":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2018-08-22T00:00:00"}
