{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2908054720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2885057","title":"Multispectral Airborne LiDAR Data in the Prediction of Boreal Tree Species Composition","display_name":"Multispectral Airborne LiDAR Data in the Prediction of Boreal Tree Species Composition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2908054720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2885057","mag":"2908054720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2885057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2885057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042201473","display_name":"Mikko Kukkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-1680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mikko Kukkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085511466","display_name":"Matti Maltamo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9904-3371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Maltamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078472341","display_name":"Lauri Korhonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-0114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauri Korhonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057544053","display_name":"Petteri Packal\u00e9n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1804-0011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petteri Packalen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042201473"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5693,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94799631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"6","first_page":"3462","last_page":"3471"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8655259609222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.7952023148536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7043742537498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.49516692757606506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scots-pine","display_name":"Scots pine","score":0.4793297052383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.45766547322273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.45412886142730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-pattern-recognition","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","score":0.4258614778518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21841076016426086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.15969136357307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pinus-genus","display_name":"Pinus <genus>","score":0.15636274218559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07142502069473267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8655259609222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.7952023148536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7043742537498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49516692757606506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779128174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133128","display_name":"Scots pine","level":3,"score":0.4793297052383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.45766547322273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.45412886142730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104541649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935090","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","level":3,"score":0.4258614778518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21841076016426086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.15969136357307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910048773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1924659","display_name":"Pinus <genus>","level":2,"score":0.15636274218559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07142502069473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2885057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2885057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1337960168","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"295341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192083524","https://openalex.org/W281295403","https://openalex.org/W1979678339","https://openalex.org/W1984514442","https://openalex.org/W1991576283","https://openalex.org/W1996263757","https://openalex.org/W2022576632","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2026952547","https://openalex.org/W2028413465","https://openalex.org/W2030080266","https://openalex.org/W2033827163","https://openalex.org/W2033956460","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2080096625","https://openalex.org/W2081889060","https://openalex.org/W2084291846","https://openalex.org/W2086222884","https://openalex.org/W2086461898","https://openalex.org/W2089915976","https://openalex.org/W2113551198","https://openalex.org/W2126058313","https://openalex.org/W2128013110","https://openalex.org/W2128135560","https://openalex.org/W2138060511","https://openalex.org/W2144313462","https://openalex.org/W2150279355","https://openalex.org/W2164124513","https://openalex.org/W2314303351","https://openalex.org/W2321560532","https://openalex.org/W2405964867","https://openalex.org/W2468286051","https://openalex.org/W2496387143","https://openalex.org/W2519724882","https://openalex.org/W2547431219","https://openalex.org/W2581388530","https://openalex.org/W2607443569","https://openalex.org/W2763287719","https://openalex.org/W2790354098","https://openalex.org/W4394679289","https://openalex.org/W6658943971","https://openalex.org/W6714087844","https://openalex.org/W6723960896","https://openalex.org/W6726781194","https://openalex.org/W6737089929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128126485","https://openalex.org/W1995889410","https://openalex.org/W4382563209","https://openalex.org/W2124952510","https://openalex.org/W1752760603","https://openalex.org/W2777937183","https://openalex.org/W2108633818","https://openalex.org/W2126922921","https://openalex.org/W1634492240","https://openalex.org/W2138664739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multispectral":[0],"light":[1],"detection":[2],"and":[3,16,63,98,114,155,174,195,224],"ranging":[4],"(LiDAR)":[5],"instruments,":[6],"such":[7],"as":[8,30],"Optech":[9],"Titan,":[10],"record":[11],"intensities":[12,18],"at":[13],"multiple":[14],"wavelengths":[15],"these":[17],"can":[19],"be":[20,172],"used":[21,79],"for":[22,105,131,179,188,201],"tree":[23,46,88,134,193,204],"species":[24,47,89,135,194,205],"prediction":[25,48,129,190],"in":[26,49,242],"the":[27,43,57,74,77,86,100,118,132,160,164,183,189,202,219,234],"same":[28],"way":[29],"multispectral":[31,55,208,235],"image":[32,69],"data.":[33,70,158],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"our":[37],"main":[38,87],"objective":[39],"was":[40,136,169],"to":[41,171,218],"compare":[42],"accuracy":[44,166,211],"of":[45,76,90,125,191,221],"a":[50,239],"boreal":[51],"forest":[52,245],"area":[53],"using":[54,93,117,138,207],"LiDAR,":[56],"1064-nm":[58],"wavelength":[59],"channel":[60],"(\u201cunispectral":[61],"LiDAR\u201d),":[62],"unispectral":[64,222],"LiDAR":[65,209,223,236],"with":[66,177],"auxiliary":[67],"aerial":[68,225],"We":[71,84,231],"also":[72],"evaluated":[73,137],"effect":[75,124],"widely":[78],"intensity":[80,126,145,184],"range":[81,161],"correction":[82,127,162],"method.":[83],"classified":[85],"field":[91],"plots":[92],"linear":[94],"discriminant":[95],"analysis":[96],"(LDA)":[97],"predicted":[99],"species-specific":[101,244],"volume":[102,197],"proportions":[103],"(%)":[104],"Scots":[106],"pine":[107],"(Pinus":[108],"sylvestris),":[109],"Norway":[110],"spruce":[111],"(Picea":[112],"abies),":[113],"broadleaved":[115],"trees":[116],"k":[119],"-nearest":[120],"neighbor":[121],"imputation.":[122],"The":[123,199],"on":[128],"errors":[130],"dominant":[133,192,203],"optimal":[139],"parameters":[140,151],"derived":[141],"from:":[142],"1)":[143],"minimal":[144],"difference":[146],"between":[147],"flight":[148],"lines;":[149],"2)":[150],"suggested":[152],"by":[153],"theory;":[154],"3)":[156],"uncorrected":[157],"Although":[159],"increased":[163],"classification":[165,206],"slightly,":[167],"it":[168],"observed":[170],"ambiguous,":[173],"not":[175],"consistent":[176],"theory":[178],"canopy":[180],"echoes.":[181],"Regardless,":[182],"values":[185],"were":[186,216],"useful":[187,240],"species'":[196],"proportions.":[198],"results":[200],"[overall":[210],"(OA)":[212],"88.2%,":[213],"kappa":[214,229],"0.79]":[215],"comparable":[217],"use":[220],"images":[226],"(OA":[227],"89.1%,":[228],"0.81).":[230],"conclude":[232],"that":[233],"may":[237],"become":[238],"tool":[241],"operational":[243],"inventories.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}