{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901087126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2877821","title":"Ship Detection From PolSAR Imagery Using the Complete Polarimetric Covariance Difference Matrix","display_name":"Ship Detection From PolSAR Imagery Using the Complete Polarimetric Covariance Difference Matrix","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901087126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2877821","mag":"2901087126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2877821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2877821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375832","display_name":"Tao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7192-5153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064423286","display_name":"Jinsheng Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-919X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsheng Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347672","display_name":"Xiaofeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Science and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Science and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089050","https://openalex.org/I1308126019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445293","display_name":"Wenxian Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-776X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxian Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100553283","display_name":"Huilin Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huilin Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100375832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.6232,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99715808,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"5","first_page":"2824","last_page":"2839"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.6739232540130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6544779539108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.627670168876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.6167965531349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6007905006408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5598534345626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.536689043045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.5131124258041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5048104524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.48904094099998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4225451350212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.41435307264328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38915157318115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36072611808776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3450809121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3024403750896454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.27944469451904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20494136214256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17233842611312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11335146427154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09045368432998657}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.6739232540130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6544779539108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.627670168876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.6167965531349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6007905006408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5598534345626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.536689043045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.5131124258041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5048104524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.48904094099998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4225451350212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41435307264328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38915157318115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36072611808776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3450809121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3024403750896454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.27944469451904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20494136214256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17233842611312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11335146427154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09045368432998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2877821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2877821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2422447947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61375008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4333613539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4959341059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61331015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142575998","https://openalex.org/W1421632428","https://openalex.org/W1488413477","https://openalex.org/W1522129970","https://openalex.org/W1891173781","https://openalex.org/W1970352419","https://openalex.org/W1994536520","https://openalex.org/W2006467595","https://openalex.org/W2009061394","https://openalex.org/W2016737927","https://openalex.org/W2023290904","https://openalex.org/W2026930882","https://openalex.org/W2039663968","https://openalex.org/W2044531722","https://openalex.org/W2044907338","https://openalex.org/W2049439521","https://openalex.org/W2078985447","https://openalex.org/W2090664287","https://openalex.org/W2096223773","https://openalex.org/W2141424348","https://openalex.org/W2144158572","https://openalex.org/W2153148066","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2168055397","https://openalex.org/W2174826564","https://openalex.org/W2210837254","https://openalex.org/W2275413576","https://openalex.org/W2296098264","https://openalex.org/W2469797871","https://openalex.org/W2512490041","https://openalex.org/W2603828687","https://openalex.org/W2613412191","https://openalex.org/W2625874208","https://openalex.org/W2748090595","https://openalex.org/W2796338532","https://openalex.org/W3011103334","https://openalex.org/W3148605318","https://openalex.org/W4252650245","https://openalex.org/W6605852207","https://openalex.org/W6629210531","https://openalex.org/W6774427494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369680611","https://openalex.org/W2045728981","https://openalex.org/W1532932657","https://openalex.org/W2761190328","https://openalex.org/W2469797871","https://openalex.org/W2159856855","https://openalex.org/W3018194276","https://openalex.org/W2047066277","https://openalex.org/W2545123933","https://openalex.org/W2585813813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,27,96],"proposed":[4,94,143,185],"a":[5,30,160],"complete":[6],"polarimetric":[7,17,35,63,166],"covariance":[8,64,167],"difference":[9,65],"matrix":[10,66,168],"[CP]-based":[11,99],"algorithm":[12,102,144,186],"for":[13],"ship":[14,39,100,173],"detection":[15,101],"in":[16,69,86],"synthetic":[18],"aperture":[19],"radar":[20],"(PolSAR)":[21],"imagery.":[22],"To":[23,88,175],"calculate":[24],"[C":[25,73,157],"P],":[26],"first":[28],"developed":[29,68],"scheme":[31],"to":[32,61,103],"reflect":[33],"the":[34,51,62,77,80,83,90,93,98,142,164,179,184,201,212],"scattering":[36],"differences":[37,55],"between":[38,56],"pixel":[40],"(SP)":[41],"and":[42,53,58,124,128,155,170,191,206],"its":[43],"neighboring":[44],"pixels":[45],"(ISPs)":[46],"and,":[47],"then,":[48],"dividedly":[49],"accumulated":[50],"amplitude":[52],"phase":[54,84],"SP":[57],"ISPs.":[59],"Compared":[60],"[P]":[67,171],"our":[70],"earlier":[71],"work,":[72],"P]":[74,158],"effectively":[75,146],"overcomes":[76],"drawback":[78],"of":[79,82,92,183],"lack":[81],"information":[85],"[P].":[87],"demonstrate":[89],"effectiveness":[91],"algorithm,":[95],"applied":[97],"four":[104],"PolSAR":[105],"data":[106,112,120,132],"sets,":[107],"including":[108],"one":[109,129],"UAVSAR":[110],"L-band":[111,119],"set":[113,133],"with":[114,122,134,149],"21":[115],"ships,":[116,126],"two":[117],"AIRSAR":[118],"sets":[121],"11":[123],"22":[125],"respectively,":[127],"Radarsat-2":[130],"C-band":[131],"8":[135],"ships.":[136],"Experimental":[137],"results":[138],"show":[139],"that:":[140],"(1)":[141],"can":[145],"detect":[147],"ships":[148],"high":[150],"target-to-clutter":[151],"ratio":[152],"(TCR)":[153],"values":[154],"(2)":[156],"has":[159],"better":[161],"performance":[162],"than":[163,195],"traditional":[165],"[C]":[169],"on":[172],"detection.":[174],"be":[176],"more":[177],"specific,":[178],"average":[180],"TCR":[181],"value":[182],"(23.86":[187],"dB)":[188],"is":[189],"6.07":[190],"7.47":[192],"dB":[193],"higher":[194],"PNF":[196],"<sub":[197,208],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[198,209],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">C</sub>":[199,210],"(i.e.,":[200,211],"geometrical":[202],"perturbation-polarimetric":[203],"notch":[204],"filter)":[205],"RS":[207],"reflection":[213],"symmetry":[214],"method),":[215],"respectively.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}