{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2892146112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2866555","title":"Normalized Difference Latent Heat Index for Remote Sensing of Land Surface Energy Fluxes","display_name":"Normalized Difference Latent Heat Index for Remote Sensing of Land Surface Energy Fluxes","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2892146112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2866555","mag":"2892146112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2866555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2866555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052192623","display_name":"Yuei\u2010An Liou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuei-An Liou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrology Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-5529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrology Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039624622","display_name":"Mai Son Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-7119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70349855","display_name":"Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02wsd5p50","country_code":"VN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70349855"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mai Son Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Technology Institute, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-7119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Technology Institute, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70349855"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004220703","display_name":"Hwa Chien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-7050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hwa Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Physical Observation Research laboratory, Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Science, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Physical Observation Research laboratory, Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Science, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84864719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"3","first_page":"1423","last_page":"1433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-heat","display_name":"Latent heat","score":0.9460639357566833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensible-heat","display_name":"Sensible heat","score":0.7301760315895081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6556086540222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5639378428459167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-flux","display_name":"Heat flux","score":0.5489497780799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","score":0.5175180435180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-balance","display_name":"Energy balance","score":0.47990214824676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.4686030149459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.46098408102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.44435426592826843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-cycle","display_name":"Water cycle","score":0.4131106436252594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3686886727809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.32758933305740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.27086693048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.20233482122421265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer","display_name":"Heat transfer","score":0.1445142924785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11286413669586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10814696550369263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.09999862313270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.09657290577888489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58024561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207721","display_name":"Latent heat","level":2,"score":0.9460639357566833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59242433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1480581","display_name":"Sensible heat","level":2,"score":0.7301760315895081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6556086540222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5639378428459167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.5489497780799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.5175180435180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777423268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3663116","display_name":"Energy balance","level":2,"score":0.47990214824676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.4686030149459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.46098408102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.44435426592826843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133830359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81041","display_name":"Water cycle","level":2,"score":0.4131106436252594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3686886727809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.32758933305740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.27086693048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.20233482122421265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.1445142924785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11286413669586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10814696550369263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.09999862313270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.09657290577888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2866555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2866555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7038692956","display_name":"A Study on Long-Term Validation of Land Surface Process Parameterization in Multiple Areas( II )","funder_award_id":"MOST105-2111-M008-024-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1462939428","https://openalex.org/W1966360676","https://openalex.org/W1975255830","https://openalex.org/W1977670320","https://openalex.org/W1977756554","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1980320347","https://openalex.org/W1982621605","https://openalex.org/W1984207302","https://openalex.org/W1984678359","https://openalex.org/W1987269713","https://openalex.org/W1991005893","https://openalex.org/W1995196615","https://openalex.org/W1995581599","https://openalex.org/W1996858733","https://openalex.org/W1998028717","https://openalex.org/W2011095271","https://openalex.org/W2015978071","https://openalex.org/W2018318189","https://openalex.org/W2031716638","https://openalex.org/W2036091850","https://openalex.org/W2036841511","https://openalex.org/W2037236246","https://openalex.org/W2041570083","https://openalex.org/W2045239366","https://openalex.org/W2054959813","https://openalex.org/W2056124940","https://openalex.org/W2056784617","https://openalex.org/W2061003790","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2064616890","https://openalex.org/W2074082212","https://openalex.org/W2075569256","https://openalex.org/W2076447280","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2095029195","https://openalex.org/W2095519551","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2110551389","https://openalex.org/W2111059421","https://openalex.org/W2134338179","https://openalex.org/W2134463914","https://openalex.org/W2135552708","https://openalex.org/W2137341626","https://openalex.org/W2149184698","https://openalex.org/W2152165967","https://openalex.org/W2155499550","https://openalex.org/W2158711600","https://openalex.org/W2160020125","https://openalex.org/W2162041940","https://openalex.org/W2164149392","https://openalex.org/W2167722434","https://openalex.org/W2171981521","https://openalex.org/W2287129661","https://openalex.org/W2294091596","https://openalex.org/W3034244306","https://openalex.org/W4234545992","https://openalex.org/W4239415106","https://openalex.org/W6659717275","https://openalex.org/W6696987430","https://openalex.org/W6779934991"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383853819","https://openalex.org/W4234849036","https://openalex.org/W1008702843","https://openalex.org/W1996638574","https://openalex.org/W2171719917","https://openalex.org/W2992337937","https://openalex.org/W1570865255","https://openalex.org/W570039114","https://openalex.org/W1976894381","https://openalex.org/W3100623684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Latent":[0],"heat":[1,42,70,81,111,163,223],"is":[2,20,73,127,182,207],"the":[3,25,29,49,85,117,131,156,160,166,180,183,190,196,220,226],"energy":[4,121],"released":[5],"or":[6],"absorbed":[7],"by":[8],"a":[9,21,54,62,215],"substance":[10],"through":[11,113],"phase":[12],"change":[13],"without":[14],"changing":[15],"its":[16],"temperature.":[17],"Its":[18,104],"flux":[19,43,112,164,224],"crucial":[22],"element":[23],"of":[24,78,88,108,139,198],"hydrological":[26],"cycle":[27],"at":[28,225],"land-air":[30],"interface.":[31],"Many":[32],"water-related":[33,135,168],"indexes":[34,136,169,193],"have":[35],"been":[36],"proposed":[37,74],"as":[38,214],"indicators":[39],"for":[40,75,124],"latent":[41,69,110,162,222],"extraction":[44,50],"from":[45,91],"satellite":[46],"imagery,":[47],"while":[48],"accuracy":[51],"still":[52],"remains":[53],"space":[55],"to":[56,194,218],"improve":[57],"nowadays.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"new":[63],"multiband":[64],"index,":[65],"called":[66],"normalized":[67,142,147],"difference":[68,143,148],"index":[71,145,188],"(NDLI),":[72],"remote":[76],"sensing":[77],"land":[79,95,125,203],"surface":[80,120],"flux.":[82],"It":[83,206],"utilizes":[84],"reflectance":[86],"observations":[87],"three":[89,133],"bands":[90],"Landsat":[92],"8":[93],"operational":[94],"imager,":[96],"including":[97],"red,":[98],"green,":[99],"and":[100,146,186],"shortwave":[101],"infrared":[102],"channels.":[103],"performance":[105],"in":[106,201],"terms":[107],"deriving":[109],"their":[114],"incorporation":[115],"into":[116],"commonly":[118],"used":[119,167,213],"balance":[122],"algorithm":[123],"(SEBAL)":[126],"then":[128],"compared":[129],"with":[130,137,159,170],"other":[132],"existing":[134],"two":[138],"them":[140],"using":[141],"water":[144,199],"vegetation":[149],"index.":[150],"Results":[151],"show":[152],"that":[153,179,209],"NDLI":[154,181,210],"exhibits":[155],"strongest":[157],"correlation":[158,171],"SEBAL-derived":[161],"among":[165],"coefficient":[172],"r":[173],"=":[174],"0.75.":[175],"They":[176],"also":[177],"indicate":[178],"most":[184],"sensitive":[185],"reliable":[187],"outperforming":[189],"previously":[191],"developed":[192],"determine":[195],"characteristics":[197],"content":[200],"different":[202],"cover":[204],"types.":[205],"concluded":[208],"can":[211],"be":[212],"good":[216],"indicator":[217],"represent":[219],"potential":[221],"earth's":[227],"surface.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
