{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803937221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2829625","title":"A Deep Neural Network With Spatial Pooling (DNNSP) for 3-D Point Cloud Classification","display_name":"A Deep Neural Network With Spatial Pooling (DNNSP) for 3-D Point Cloud Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803937221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2829625","mag":"2803937221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2829625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2829625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422329","display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4318-9996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4318-9996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459445","display_name":"Liqiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-7590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-7590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425158","display_name":"Liang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9041-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012733900","display_name":"Roujing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0304-9171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roujing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0304-9171","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048732343","display_name":"Yibo Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2867-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2867-2090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104006370","display_name":"Zidong Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zidong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3591,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91584862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"8","first_page":"4594","last_page":"4604"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8417123556137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.673133134841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.655005693435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6226370334625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5207514762878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.4889878034591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.4517837464809418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.44652628898620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3261016607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25136798620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09314557909965515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8417123556137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.673133134841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.655005693435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6226370334625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5207514762878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.4889878034591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.4517837464809418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44652628898620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3261016607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25136798620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09314557909965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2829625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2829625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3394459028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7173258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7034623178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41371324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W969454004","https://openalex.org/W1493004075","https://openalex.org/W1564871316","https://openalex.org/W1577575150","https://openalex.org/W1652321627","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1920022804","https://openalex.org/W1922697897","https://openalex.org/W1973644502","https://openalex.org/W1985908905","https://openalex.org/W1987058898","https://openalex.org/W1994699846","https://openalex.org/W2000035714","https://openalex.org/W2001014393","https://openalex.org/W2008816737","https://openalex.org/W2011819244","https://openalex.org/W2022394120","https://openalex.org/W2022508996","https://openalex.org/W2042122137","https://openalex.org/W2052794186","https://openalex.org/W2053854220","https://openalex.org/W2070048073","https://openalex.org/W2075565810","https://openalex.org/W2099606917","https://openalex.org/W2100623930","https://openalex.org/W2102402541","https://openalex.org/W2107023258","https://openalex.org/W2109992539","https://openalex.org/W2116699851","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2122944810","https://openalex.org/W2127911825","https://openalex.org/W2130939260","https://openalex.org/W2140216497","https://openalex.org/W2143516773","https://openalex.org/W2146534786","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2167998037","https://openalex.org/W2194206407","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2280992359","https://openalex.org/W2330711204","https://openalex.org/W2334684970","https://openalex.org/W2395466322","https://openalex.org/W2415334435","https://openalex.org/W2473418274","https://openalex.org/W2523775010","https://openalex.org/W2536640939","https://openalex.org/W2551182807","https://openalex.org/W2557465155","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2592791633","https://openalex.org/W2609719703","https://openalex.org/W2610213140","https://openalex.org/W2753789408","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2953221084","https://openalex.org/W2962731536","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963336905","https://openalex.org/W2963706542","https://openalex.org/W2963809831","https://openalex.org/W3102274561","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4235587621","https://openalex.org/W4388680028","https://openalex.org/W6625445564","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6640129119","https://openalex.org/W6640300118","https://openalex.org/W6676766825","https://openalex.org/W6679152795","https://openalex.org/W6682095516","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6716423755","https://openalex.org/W6739778489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W2900413183","https://openalex.org/W147410782","https://openalex.org/W3022252430","https://openalex.org/W3103989898","https://openalex.org/W4287804464","https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W803346624","https://openalex.org/W39961996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,79,94,120,254],"large":[1],"number":[2],"of":[3,56,87,147,176,195,205,261],"object":[4],"categories":[5],"and":[6,54,145,162,217,236,246],"many":[7],"overlapping":[8],"or":[9],"closely":[10],"neighboring":[11],"objects":[12],"in":[13,20,26,90,103,116,179,264],"large-scale":[14,74],"urban":[15],"scenes":[16],"pose":[17],"great":[18,32],"challenges":[19],"point":[21,48,75,92,105,118,143,149,168,178,207,212,229,250],"cloud":[22,230,251],"classification.":[23,231],"Most":[24],"works":[25],"deep":[27,63],"learning":[28],"have":[29,233,257],"achieved":[30],"a":[31,62],"success":[33],"on":[34],"regular":[35],"input":[36,224],"representations,":[37],"but":[38],"they":[39],"are":[40,223],"hard":[41],"to":[42,46,51,72,108,126,141,202,225],"be":[43],"directly":[44],"applied":[45,102],"classify":[47,73],"clouds":[49,76],"due":[50],"the":[52,57,83,104,110,114,117,128,132,137,142,148,151,158,163,174,180,184,189,193,199,203,206,211,220,238,259],"irregularity":[53],"inhomogeneity":[55],"data.":[58],"In":[59,186],"this":[60,187],"paper,":[61],"neural":[64],"network":[65],"with":[66],"spatial":[67,111],"pooling":[68,99,122],"(DNNSP)":[69],"is":[70,100,123,139,155,169,183],"proposed":[71,239],"without":[77],"rasterization.":[78],"DNNSP":[80,138,190],"first":[81],"obtains":[82],"point-based":[84,129,152],"feature":[85,106,153,214],"descriptors":[86],"all":[88],"points":[89,115,196],"each":[91,167,177],"cluster.":[93],"distance":[95],"minimum":[96],"spanning":[97],"tree-based":[98],"then":[101],"representation":[107,154],"describe":[109],"information":[112],"among":[113],"clusters.":[119],"max":[121],"next":[124],"employed":[125],"aggregate":[127],"features":[130,194,222],"into":[131],"cluster-based":[133,213,221],"features.":[134],"To":[135],"assure":[136],"invariant":[140],"permutation":[144],"sizes":[146],"clusters,":[150,208],"determined":[156],"by":[157],"multilayer":[159],"perception":[160],"(MLP)":[161],"weight":[164,175],"sharing":[165],"for":[166,228],"retained,":[170],"which":[171,209],"means":[172],"that":[173],"same":[181],"layer":[182],"same.":[185],"way,":[188],"can":[191],"learn":[192],"scaled":[197],"from":[198],"entire":[200],"regions":[201],"centers":[204],"makes":[210],"representations":[215],"robust":[216],"discriminative.":[218],"Finally,":[219],"another":[226],"MLP":[227],"We":[232],"evaluated":[234],"qualitatively":[235],"quantitatively":[237],"method":[240,263],"using":[241],"several":[242],"airborne":[243],"laser":[244,248],"scanning":[245,249],"terrestrial":[247],"data":[252],"sets.":[253],"experimental":[255],"results":[256],"demonstrated":[258],"effectiveness":[260],"our":[262],"improving":[265],"classification":[266],"accuracy.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
