{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800371750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2827407","title":"Spectral-Spatial Unified Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Spectral-Spatial Unified Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800371750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2827407","mag":"2800371750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2827407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2827407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068885379","display_name":"Yonghao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673818","display_name":"Liangpei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060042752","display_name":"Bo Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-8458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-8458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764042","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5530-6945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.7035,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":313,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99681492,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8450778126716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7730417251586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7132160663604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.666068434715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6645033359527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5693221688270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5623558163642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.48796671628952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-bands","display_name":"Spectral bands","score":0.47558367252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.448293000459671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4276847541332245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3394366502761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2867102026939392}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8450778126716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7730417251586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7132160663604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.666068434715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6645033359527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5693221688270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5623558163642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.48796671628952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114700698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2882278","display_name":"Spectral bands","level":2,"score":0.47558367252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.448293000459671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4276847541332245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3394366502761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2867102026939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2827407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2827407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1787015647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41431175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7947832955","display_name":"\u7a00\u758f\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u8de8\u9886\u57df\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u9ad8\u5149\u8c31\u9065\u611f\u56fe\u50cf\u4e9a\u50cf\u5143\u76ee\u6807\u63a2\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61471274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1902936532","https://openalex.org/W2016860790","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2038137144","https://openalex.org/W2043665634","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2086866337","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2090424610","https://openalex.org/W2097900616","https://openalex.org/W2098057602","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2106777458","https://openalex.org/W2107799335","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2115451191","https://openalex.org/W2117741752","https://openalex.org/W2121029939","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2127070009","https://openalex.org/W2127199143","https://openalex.org/W2131438174","https://openalex.org/W2134663338","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2138038253","https://openalex.org/W2140991832","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2150990614","https://openalex.org/W2151599207","https://openalex.org/W2151665594","https://openalex.org/W2152477088","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2161943337","https://openalex.org/W2164437025","https://openalex.org/W2179290474","https://openalex.org/W2257307118","https://openalex.org/W2277132981","https://openalex.org/W2291068538","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2341545927","https://openalex.org/W2344884875","https://openalex.org/W2358876993","https://openalex.org/W2412558220","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2431738724","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2603422184","https://openalex.org/W2605793178","https://openalex.org/W2611655888","https://openalex.org/W2614326984","https://openalex.org/W2732412926","https://openalex.org/W2759518055","https://openalex.org/W2772147448","https://openalex.org/W2779054585","https://openalex.org/W2783231089","https://openalex.org/W3100245404","https://openalex.org/W3103856189","https://openalex.org/W4320339642","https://openalex.org/W6676481782","https://openalex.org/W6704443453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982418987","https://openalex.org/W1978077614","https://openalex.org/W4327563507","https://openalex.org/W2603494857","https://openalex.org/W2024377932","https://openalex.org/W2799746630","https://openalex.org/W4310079726","https://openalex.org/W4390582117","https://openalex.org/W2889956472","https://openalex.org/W3137839769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,50,78,107],"this":[1,51],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,84],"propose":[4,85],"a":[5,44,60,86,94,132],"spectral\u2013spatial":[6,23],"unified":[7,45],"network":[8,46,70,98],"(SSUN)":[9],"with":[10,136],"an":[11],"end-to-end":[12],"architecture":[13],"for":[14],"the":[15,27,66,69,75,79,82,100,108,117,120,128],"hyperspectral":[16],"image":[17],"(HSI)":[18],"classification.":[19],"Different":[20],"from":[21],"traditional":[22],"classification":[24],"frameworks":[25],"where":[26],"spectral":[28,101],"feature":[29,104],"extraction":[30],"(FE),":[31],"spatial":[32,103],"FE,":[33],"and":[34,55,64,93,102],"classifier":[35,56],"training":[36,57],"are":[37,41,113],"separated,":[38],"these":[39],"processes":[40],"integrated":[42],"into":[43],"in":[47,68],"our":[48],"model.":[49],"way,":[52],"both":[53],"FE":[54],"will":[58],"share":[59],"uniform":[61],"objective":[62],"function":[63],"all":[65],"parameters":[67],"can":[71,130],"be":[72],"optimized":[73],"at":[74],"same":[76],"time.":[77],"implementation":[80],"of":[81,119],"SSUN,":[83],"band":[87],"grouping-based":[88],"long":[89],"short-term":[90],"memory":[91],"model":[92],"multiscale":[95],"convolutional":[96],"neural":[97],"as":[99],"extractors,":[105],"respectively.":[106],"experiments,":[109],"three":[110],"benchmark":[111],"HSIs":[112],"utilized":[114],"to":[115],"evaluate":[116],"performance":[118,134],"proposed":[121],"method.":[122],"The":[123],"experimental":[124],"results":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"that":[127],"SSUN":[129],"yield":[131],"competitive":[133],"compared":[135],"existing":[137],"methods.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}