{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794338102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2792432","title":"Sea Surface Radar Scattering at L-Band Based on Numerical Solution of Maxwell\u2019s Equations in 3-D (NMM3D)","display_name":"Sea Surface Radar Scattering at L-Band Based on Numerical Solution of Maxwell\u2019s Equations in 3-D (NMM3D)","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794338102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2792432","mag":"2794338102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2792432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2792432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04202139","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035721627","display_name":"Tai Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-7008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tai Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-7008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090757725","display_name":"Leung Tsang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leung Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3192-2799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016675976","display_name":"Doug Vandemark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-5457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Vandemark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-5457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006211721","display_name":"Simon Yueh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-5295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon H. Yueh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041211777","display_name":"Tien-Hao Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0678-5545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tien-Hao Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001012163","display_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Nouguier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-0158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2540865","display_name":"Institut Fran\u00e7ais","ror":"https://ror.org/047hdnt12","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2540865"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederic Nouguier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2\u2019Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France","Laboratoire d'Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-0158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2\u2019Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2540865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d'Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2540865"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073132582","display_name":"Bertrand Chapron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6088-8775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2540865","display_name":"Institut Fran\u00e7ais","ror":"https://ror.org/047hdnt12","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2540865"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertrand Chapron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2\u2019Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France","Laboratoire d'Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2\u2019Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2540865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d'Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l\u00e2'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2540865"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035721627"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94687996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"6","first_page":"3137","last_page":"3147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.606509804725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5738563537597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.5512930154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5334254503250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.48130977153778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxwells-equations","display_name":"Maxwell's equations","score":0.4810926616191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integral-equation","display_name":"Integral equation","score":0.43680739402770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.4322047531604767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.42701447010040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stokes-parameters","display_name":"Stokes parameters","score":0.41094258427619934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.36254507303237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.261816143989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classical-mechanics","display_name":"Classical mechanics","score":0.24215784668922424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16956815123558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.0833524763584137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.606509804725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5738563537597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.5512930154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5334254503250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.48130977153778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59282198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51501","display_name":"Maxwell's equations","level":2,"score":0.4810926616191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27016315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580101","display_name":"Integral equation","level":2,"score":0.43680739402770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.4322047531604767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.42701447010040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188141570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192058","display_name":"Stokes parameters","level":3,"score":0.41094258427619934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.36254507303237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.261816143989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.24215784668922424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16956815123558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0833524763584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2792432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2792432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04202139v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04202139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2018, 56 (6), pp.3137-3147. &#x27E8;10.1109/TGRS.2018.2792432&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04202139v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04202139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2018, 56 (6), pp.3137-3147. &#x27E8;10.1109/TGRS.2018.2792432&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309652","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518674354","https://openalex.org/W1527762134","https://openalex.org/W1588167619","https://openalex.org/W1607823060","https://openalex.org/W1680919202","https://openalex.org/W1971463507","https://openalex.org/W1973527930","https://openalex.org/W1981762221","https://openalex.org/W1985032876","https://openalex.org/W1995592838","https://openalex.org/W1999328390","https://openalex.org/W2001247608","https://openalex.org/W2002872627","https://openalex.org/W2018739256","https://openalex.org/W2020928479","https://openalex.org/W2025443984","https://openalex.org/W2030855045","https://openalex.org/W2072858605","https://openalex.org/W2080337061","https://openalex.org/W2100253587","https://openalex.org/W2100807107","https://openalex.org/W2103084843","https://openalex.org/W2108589694","https://openalex.org/W2114939476","https://openalex.org/W2118031544","https://openalex.org/W2119193769","https://openalex.org/W2130174631","https://openalex.org/W2132977795","https://openalex.org/W2134233593","https://openalex.org/W2146699464","https://openalex.org/W2151606929","https://openalex.org/W2152297110","https://openalex.org/W2156162501","https://openalex.org/W2171006361","https://openalex.org/W2174415440","https://openalex.org/W2247908989","https://openalex.org/W2280091602","https://openalex.org/W2316033403","https://openalex.org/W2529778411","https://openalex.org/W2548349402","https://openalex.org/W3155224614","https://openalex.org/W6631622368","https://openalex.org/W6682433727","https://openalex.org/W6699533485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2055782566","https://openalex.org/W2611761074","https://openalex.org/W2281797687","https://openalex.org/W2358411735","https://openalex.org/W2048211457","https://openalex.org/W4250650723","https://openalex.org/W2358598243","https://openalex.org/W2331534598","https://openalex.org/W2483195039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar":[0],"scattering":[1],"from":[2,27],"ocean":[3,22,31,51,130,167],"surfaces":[4,42],"is":[5,83,202],"investigated":[6],"by":[7],"3-D":[8,18,29],"numerical":[9],"solution":[10],"of":[11,46,71,77,122,134,147,157,199],"Maxwell's":[12,15],"equations":[13,36],"[numerical":[14],"model":[16,114],"in":[17,85,173,222],"(NMM3D)]":[19],"using":[20,43,68],"the":[21,47,50,54,62,66,69,78,112,123,193],"surface":[23,34,55,109,124],"profiles":[24],"stochastically":[25],"generated":[26],"a":[28,73,97],"Durden-Vesecky":[30],"spectrum.":[32],"The":[33,91,132,162,196],"integral":[35],"(SIEs)":[37],"are":[38,137,172,208,214],"formulated":[39],"for":[40,102,144,154,181,192],"dielectric":[41],"Green's":[44],"functions":[45],"air":[48],"and":[49,58,128,150,153,160,185,213,226],"permittivities":[52],"with":[53,87,104,176],"tangential":[56],"electric":[57],"magnetic":[59],"fields":[60],"as":[61,189,191],"unknowns.":[63,110],"In":[64],"solving":[65],"SIEs":[67],"method":[70],"moment,":[72],"fast":[74],"matrix":[75,80],"solver":[76],"sparse":[79],"canonical":[81],"grid":[82],"used":[84],"conjunction":[86],"Rao-Wilton-Glisson":[88],"basis":[89],"functions.":[90],"computation":[92],"has":[93],"been":[94],"implemented":[95],"on":[96],"high-performance":[98],"parallel":[99],"computing":[100],"cluster":[101],"problems":[103],"up":[105],"to":[106,139,210,216,219],"six":[107],"million":[108],"Unlike":[111],"two-scale":[113],"(TSM)":[115],"approximation,":[116],"NMM3D":[117,166,206],"does":[118],"not":[119],"require":[120],"division":[121],"spectrum":[125],"into":[126],"large-":[127],"small-scale":[129],"waves.":[131],"results":[133,163,207],"backscattering":[135,168],"simulations":[136],"compared":[138,209],"Aquarius":[140,177,220],"satellite":[141,178],"radar":[142,179],"measurements":[143],"wind":[145],"speeds":[146],"5,":[148],"8,":[149],"10":[151],"m/s":[152],"incidence":[155],"angles":[156],"29\u00b0,":[158],"39\u00b0,":[159],"46\u00b0.":[161],"show":[164],"that":[165],"solutions":[169,212],"at":[170],"L-band":[171,200],"good":[174],"agreement":[175],"data":[180,221],"co-polarized":[182],"VV,":[183],"HH,":[184],"cross-polarized":[186],"VH":[187],"returns":[188],"well":[190],"VV/HH":[194,224],"ratio.":[195],"azimuthal":[197,228],"dependence":[198],"backscatter":[201],"also":[203],"assessed.":[204],"Finally,":[205],"TSM":[211],"shown":[215],"lie":[217],"close":[218],"observed":[223],"ratio,":[225],"their":[227],"dependencies.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
