{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2791622702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2786158","title":"Observing Scattering Mechanisms of Bubbled Freshwater Lake Ice Using Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 (C-Band) and UW-Scat (X- and Ku-Bands)","display_name":"Observing Scattering Mechanisms of Bubbled Freshwater Lake Ice Using Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 (C-Band) and UW-Scat (X- and Ku-Bands)","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2791622702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2786158","mag":"2791622702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2017.2786158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2786158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004633344","display_name":"Grant Gunn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4886-5364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grant E. Gunn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069727604","display_name":"Claude Duguay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-5850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude R. Duguay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113869270","display_name":"Donald K. Atwood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald K. Atwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan Tech Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072186841","display_name":"Joshua King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-8987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071466248","display_name":"Peter Toose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-7443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Toose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004633344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8292,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89797126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"5","first_page":"2887","last_page":"2903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6315183639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5149989128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.5098985433578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.43545156717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.42349621653556824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3618180453777313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.14035680890083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13880199193954468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6315183639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5149989128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.5098985433578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.43545156717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.42349621653556824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3618180453777313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.14035680890083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13880199193954468}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2017.2786158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2786158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/16862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/16862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2922456618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3414755570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"40001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4938693654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4000103590/11/NL/FF/fk","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G944250381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4000106960/12/NL/BJ/lf","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336370","display_name":"Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74104032","https://openalex.org/W169087763","https://openalex.org/W187501538","https://openalex.org/W293114297","https://openalex.org/W1421632428","https://openalex.org/W1484155048","https://openalex.org/W1511435538","https://openalex.org/W1532691246","https://openalex.org/W1593722827","https://openalex.org/W1605890384","https://openalex.org/W1758151958","https://openalex.org/W1965683452","https://openalex.org/W1966818992","https://openalex.org/W1967918053","https://openalex.org/W1974024703","https://openalex.org/W1975429398","https://openalex.org/W1984843390","https://openalex.org/W1985109463","https://openalex.org/W1985976994","https://openalex.org/W1988892664","https://openalex.org/W1992350595","https://openalex.org/W2000026303","https://openalex.org/W2027513980","https://openalex.org/W2028829692","https://openalex.org/W2033240006","https://openalex.org/W2041055187","https://openalex.org/W2045639696","https://openalex.org/W2049547803","https://openalex.org/W2051614664","https://openalex.org/W2056483786","https://openalex.org/W2057852819","https://openalex.org/W2078128886","https://openalex.org/W2078985447","https://openalex.org/W2081140230","https://openalex.org/W2083437800","https://openalex.org/W2085273616","https://openalex.org/W2085378876","https://openalex.org/W2092219399","https://openalex.org/W2093335194","https://openalex.org/W2097272115","https://openalex.org/W2104198970","https://openalex.org/W2106556224","https://openalex.org/W2108180164","https://openalex.org/W2111941937","https://openalex.org/W2122442364","https://openalex.org/W2135015721","https://openalex.org/W2139706108","https://openalex.org/W2141424348","https://openalex.org/W2141588255","https://openalex.org/W2149436470","https://openalex.org/W2155537325","https://openalex.org/W2156759776","https://openalex.org/W2157932537","https://openalex.org/W2161346952","https://openalex.org/W2165043908","https://openalex.org/W2180963862","https://openalex.org/W2511851604","https://openalex.org/W2547234307","https://openalex.org/W2784102917","https://openalex.org/W6606824074","https://openalex.org/W6610436494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026860918","https://openalex.org/W2035593284","https://openalex.org/W2225281849","https://openalex.org/W2612145225","https://openalex.org/W2059660610","https://openalex.org/W2161058488","https://openalex.org/W2324615561","https://openalex.org/W2324949438","https://openalex.org/W4252699458","https://openalex.org/W2469797871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,134],"winter":[1,200],"time":[2,67,123,142,201],"series":[3,68,143,202],"of":[4,55,82,98,105,138,168,174,185,203],"ground-based":[5,204],"(X-":[6],"and":[7,10,25,63,114,193,205],"Ku-bands)":[8],"scatterometer":[9,113],"spaceborne":[11,206],"synthetic":[12],"aperture":[13],"radar":[14],"(SAR)":[15],"(C-band)":[16],"fully":[17,207],"polarimetric":[18,208,213],"observations":[19,50,116,211],"coincident":[20],"with":[21,159,212],"in":[22,36,41,85,91],"situ":[23,92],"snow":[24],"ice":[26,40,59,87,192],"measurements":[27],"are":[28],"used":[29],"to":[30,79,152,197],"identify":[31,51],"the":[32,42,58,61,75,80,86,108,122,139,148,156,169,195],"dominant":[33,149],"scattering":[34,95,128,150,187],"mechanism":[35,151,188],"bubbled":[37,216],"freshwater":[38,190,217],"lake":[39,191,218],"Hudson":[43],"Bay":[44],"Lowlands":[45],"near":[46],"Churchill,":[47],"Manitoba.":[48],"Scatterometer":[49],"two":[52],"physical":[53],"sources":[54],"backscatter":[56],"from":[57,74,111],"cover:":[60],"snow-ice":[62],"ice-water":[64,76,109,157],"interfaces.":[65],"Backscatter":[66],"at":[69,107,119],"all":[70],"frequencies":[71],"show":[72],"increases":[73],"interface":[77,110,158],"prior":[78],"inclusion":[81],"tubular":[83,175],"bubbles":[84],"column":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90,181],"observations,":[93],"indicating":[94,126],"mechanisms":[96],"independent":[97],"double-bounce":[99],"scatter.":[100],"The":[101],"co-polarized":[102],"phase":[103],"difference":[104],"interactions":[106],"both":[112],"SAR":[115],"is":[117,144,194],"centered":[118],"0\u00b0":[120],"during":[121],"series,":[124],"also":[125],"a":[127,199],"regime":[129],"other":[130],"than":[131],"double":[132],"bounce.":[133],"Yamaguchi":[135],"three-component":[136],"decomposition":[137],"RADARSAT-2":[140],"C-band":[141],"presented,":[145],"which":[146],"suggests":[147],"be":[153],"single-bounce":[154,186],"off":[155],"appreciable":[160],"surface":[161],"roughness":[162],"or":[163,172],"preferentially":[164],"oriented":[165],"facets,":[166],"regardless":[167],"presence,":[170],"absence,":[171],"density":[173],"bubble":[176],"inclusions.":[177],"This":[178],"paper":[179],"builds":[180],"newly":[182],"established":[183],"evidence":[184],"for":[189,215],"first":[196],"present":[198],"active":[209],"microwave":[210],"decompositions":[214],"ice.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}