{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2758627514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2747404","title":"Subgridded FDTD Modeling of Ground Penetrating Radar Scenarios Beyond the Courant Stability Limit","display_name":"Subgridded FDTD Modeling of Ground Penetrating Radar Scenarios Beyond the Courant Stability Limit","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2758627514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2747404","mag":"2758627514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2017.2747404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2747404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066454829","display_name":"Xiao\u2010Kun Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9917-6492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Kun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082899535","display_name":"Xingqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014897434","display_name":"Nectaria Diamanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-4269"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nectaria Diamanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors & Software Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors & Software Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084589060","display_name":"Wei Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9515-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054801126","display_name":"Costas D. Sarris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4857-8330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Costas D. Sarris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066454829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4334,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83281966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"12","first_page":"7189","last_page":"7198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11263","display_name":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11263","display_name":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.9488651752471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.904516339302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossy-compression","display_name":"Lossy compression","score":0.6806734204292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5782607197761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.5509575009346008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5503451824188232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.530852198600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.46836626529693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-method","display_name":"Finite difference method","score":0.44942474365234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispersion","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","score":0.41565680503845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34076666831970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2244684100151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19882705807685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16251227259635925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.13900431990623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13634485006332397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.9488651752471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.904516339302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.6806734204292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5782607197761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5509575009346008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5503451824188232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.530852198600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46836626529693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205951836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147751","display_name":"Finite difference method","level":2,"score":0.44942474365234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177562468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","level":2,"score":0.41565680503845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34076666831970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2244684100151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19882705807685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16251227259635925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.13900431990623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13634485006332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2017.2747404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2747404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G152340366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61471105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5528026145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61331007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W596928057","https://openalex.org/W1029264492","https://openalex.org/W1570895503","https://openalex.org/W1968827703","https://openalex.org/W1999738916","https://openalex.org/W2007571237","https://openalex.org/W2012657000","https://openalex.org/W2018048720","https://openalex.org/W2027154362","https://openalex.org/W2028239649","https://openalex.org/W2053379285","https://openalex.org/W2065271770","https://openalex.org/W2081414755","https://openalex.org/W2090843874","https://openalex.org/W2095699499","https://openalex.org/W2099927878","https://openalex.org/W2110036479","https://openalex.org/W2111460811","https://openalex.org/W2113894771","https://openalex.org/W2114511512","https://openalex.org/W2115502793","https://openalex.org/W2122564701","https://openalex.org/W2126088646","https://openalex.org/W2127272874","https://openalex.org/W2129015172","https://openalex.org/W2129376156","https://openalex.org/W2137314538","https://openalex.org/W2140769808","https://openalex.org/W2142063750","https://openalex.org/W2142698691","https://openalex.org/W2155086179","https://openalex.org/W2164393577","https://openalex.org/W2168846340","https://openalex.org/W2487475752","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2622838220","https://openalex.org/W3099939037","https://openalex.org/W6626834122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W2513278879","https://openalex.org/W2026721846","https://openalex.org/W2111391262","https://openalex.org/W1726839885","https://openalex.org/W1535855622","https://openalex.org/W1997818589","https://openalex.org/W2062499451","https://openalex.org/W1976440487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,55],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"efficient":[4],"3-D":[5],"finite-difference":[6],"time-domain":[7],"(FDTD)":[8],"subgridding":[9],"scheme":[10],"that":[11],"is":[12,39,57,78],"free":[13],"of":[14,22,33,47,62,88,103],"the":[15,20,37,43,48,52,63,86,101,104],"Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy":[16],"stability":[17],"condition,":[18],"for":[19],"modeling":[21,111],"ground-penetrating":[23],"radar":[24],"(GPR)":[25],"scenarios":[26,84],"in":[27,51],"lossy":[28],"dispersive":[29,92],"media.":[30],"Spatial":[31],"filtering":[32],"FDTD":[34,65],"fields":[35],"within":[36,91],"subgrid":[38],"employed":[40],"to":[41,80,99],"render":[42],"time":[44],"step":[45],"independent":[46],"cell":[49],"size":[50],"fine-cell":[53],"subgrids.":[54],"process":[56],"applied":[58],"with":[59],"minimal":[60],"modification":[61],"original":[64],"code,":[66],"no":[67],"implicit":[68],"operations,":[69],"and":[70],"very":[71],"modest":[72],"computational":[73],"overhead.":[74],"Moreover,":[75],"multiterm":[76],"dispersion":[77],"included":[79],"model":[81],"practical":[82],"GPR":[83,110],"involving":[85],"detection":[87],"realistic":[89],"scatterers":[90],"soil.":[93],"Several":[94],"numerical":[95],"examples":[96],"are":[97],"provided":[98],"demonstrate":[100],"potential":[102],"proposed":[105],"method":[106],"as":[107],"a":[108],"powerful":[109],"tool.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
