{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2551397753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2743243","title":"Learning Multiscale Deep Features for High-Resolution Satellite Image Scene Classification","display_name":"Learning Multiscale Deep Features for High-Resolution Satellite Image Scene Classification","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2551397753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2743243","mag":"2551397753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2017.2743243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2743243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404959","display_name":"Qingshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-6984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-6984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086507196","display_name":"Renlong Hang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6046-3689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renlong Hang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6046-3689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775391","display_name":"Huihui Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0751-2354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huihui Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382298","display_name":"Zhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-9027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology, School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4463,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":177,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99208791,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"1","first_page":"117","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.965399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8121708631515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7945596575737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.759048342704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.75679612159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.7250813245773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.715508222579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6586909294128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6326160430908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5617294907569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5335674285888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-kernel-learning","display_name":"Multiple kernel learning","score":0.45447665452957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.44969165325164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4388110339641571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4369296133518219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4288497567176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42297592759132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.1935805380344391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.16507837176322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07378429174423218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8121708631515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7945596575737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.759048342704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.75679612159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.7250813245773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.715508222579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6586909294128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6326160430908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5617294907569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5335674285888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776879701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25048660","display_name":"Multiple kernel learning","level":4,"score":0.45447665452957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.44969165325164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4388110339641571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4369296133518219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4288497567176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42297592759132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.1935805380344391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.16507837176322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07378429174423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2017.2743243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2743243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5436219376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41501377","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6950884901","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15KJA520001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7208724564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61532009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1947054375","https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W2001298023","https://openalex.org/W2006603039","https://openalex.org/W2020719522","https://openalex.org/W2020912318","https://openalex.org/W2041100636","https://openalex.org/W2041972612","https://openalex.org/W2067178723","https://openalex.org/W2069959554","https://openalex.org/W2070452328","https://openalex.org/W2077689834","https://openalex.org/W2078495963","https://openalex.org/W2079435786","https://openalex.org/W2090042335","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2109743529","https://openalex.org/W2113740552","https://openalex.org/W2123585936","https://openalex.org/W2131386954","https://openalex.org/W2131697388","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153425333","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2164330327","https://openalex.org/W2179352600","https://openalex.org/W2249336288","https://openalex.org/W2291068538","https://openalex.org/W2320846209","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2620569598","https://openalex.org/W2949194345","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963542991","https://openalex.org/W3098722327","https://openalex.org/W6629368666","https://openalex.org/W6636494156","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6670569637","https://openalex.org/W6677245011","https://openalex.org/W6679699912","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022849497","https://openalex.org/W3081299480","https://openalex.org/W2407190427","https://openalex.org/W2919210741","https://openalex.org/W2907584218","https://openalex.org/W3002446410","https://openalex.org/W4390224712","https://openalex.org/W4322096758","https://openalex.org/W2748667022","https://openalex.org/W3211770882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,53],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,18,55],"propose":[4],"a":[5,38,117],"multiscale":[6,101,113],"deep":[7,39,114],"feature":[8],"learning":[9,120],"method":[10,121,143],"for":[11],"high-resolution":[12],"satellite":[13,23,102],"image":[14,24],"scene":[15],"classification.":[16],"Specifically,":[17],"first":[19],"warp":[20],"the":[21,67,74,81,88,96,100,127,141],"original":[22],"into":[25,106],"multiple":[26,47,118],"different":[27,64],"scales.":[28],"The":[29],"images":[30,103],"in":[31,83],"each":[32,91],"scale":[33],"are":[34,104],"employed":[35],"to":[36,111,124],"train":[37],"convolutional":[40],"neural":[41],"network":[42],"(DCNN).":[43],"However,":[44],"simultaneously":[45],"training":[46,97],"DCNNs":[48],"is":[49,122],"time-consuming.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"issue,":[54],"explore":[56],"DCNN":[57],"with":[58,148],"spatial":[59],"pyramid":[60],"pooling":[61],"(SPP-net).":[62],"Since":[63],"SPP-nets":[65],"have":[66],"same":[68],"number":[69],"of":[70,90,130],"parameters,":[71],"which":[72],"share":[73],"identical":[75],"initial":[76],"values,":[77],"and":[78],"only":[79],"fine-tuning":[80],"parameters":[82],"fully":[84],"connected":[85],"layers":[86],"ensures":[87],"effectiveness":[89],"network,":[92],"thereby":[93],"greatly":[94],"accelerating":[95],"process.":[98],"Then,":[99],"fed":[105],"their":[107],"corresponding":[108],"SPP-nets,":[109],"respectively,":[110],"extract":[112],"features.":[115,132],"Finally,":[116],"kernel":[119],"developed":[123],"automatically":[125],"learn":[126],"optimal":[128],"combination":[129],"such":[131],"Experiments":[133],"on":[134],"two":[135],"difficult":[136],"data":[137],"sets":[138],"show":[139],"that":[140],"proposed":[142],"achieves":[144],"favorable":[145],"performance":[146],"compared":[147],"other":[149],"state-of-the-art":[150],"methods.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-03T10:48:47.769340","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
