{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2192434319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2545919","title":"Detection of Fragmented Rectangular Enclosures in Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"Detection of Fragmented Rectangular Enclosures in Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2192434319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2545919","mag":"2192434319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2016.2545919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2545919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3156937","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007557583","display_name":"Igor Zingman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4570-8937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","display_name":"University of Konstanz","ror":"https://ror.org/0546hnb39","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Igor Zingman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008717316","display_name":"Dietmar Saupe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6735-5103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","display_name":"University of Konstanz","ror":"https://ror.org/0546hnb39","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietmar Saupe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043176507","display_name":"Ot\u00e1vio A. B. Penatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-4430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161640","display_name":"Samsung (Brazil)","ror":"https://ror.org/052a20h63","country_code":"BR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210161640"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otavio A. B. Penatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technologies Group, Samsung Research Institute, Campinas, SP, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technologies Group, Samsung Research Institute, Campinas, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161640"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044340396","display_name":"Karsten Lambers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6432-0925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karsten Lambers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, CC Leiden, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, CC Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007557583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6931,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88957695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"8","first_page":"4580","last_page":"4593"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectangle","display_name":"Rectangle","score":0.7355325818061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7220970392227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6572433114051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.6023478507995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5743901133537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5329780578613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49640804529190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.49224653840065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4774758815765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4469420909881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32309868931770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3222982883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22782617807388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.16274213790893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.0803384780883789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781302577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209","display_name":"Rectangle","level":2,"score":0.7355325818061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7220970392227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6572433114051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.6023478507995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5743901133537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5329780578613281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49640804529190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.49224653840065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4774758815765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4469420909881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32309868931770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3222982883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22782617807388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.16274213790893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0803384780883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2016.2545919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2545919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:ul:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3156937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3156937","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3156937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54(8), 4580 - 4593. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3156937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3156937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:ul:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3156937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3156937","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3156937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54(8), 4580 - 4593. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3986208109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB/Transregio 16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4799527623","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Transregio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6052429835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(DFG)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6476343658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB/Transregio 161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6743243744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2192434319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2192434319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27764548","https://openalex.org/W82130502","https://openalex.org/W153042908","https://openalex.org/W376961572","https://openalex.org/W587156963","https://openalex.org/W639801547","https://openalex.org/W1140576575","https://openalex.org/W1495971627","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1570514300","https://openalex.org/W1579869106","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1769599646","https://openalex.org/W1912954554","https://openalex.org/W1933601516","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1968681644","https://openalex.org/W1982580266","https://openalex.org/W1990868684","https://openalex.org/W2018839022","https://openalex.org/W2027208406","https://openalex.org/W2049916020","https://openalex.org/W2052740976","https://openalex.org/W2061421991","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2064610368","https://openalex.org/W2066941820","https://openalex.org/W2070424737","https://openalex.org/W2084134149","https://openalex.org/W2092041043","https://openalex.org/W2095905764","https://openalex.org/W2096318596","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2098666383","https://openalex.org/W2103164346","https://openalex.org/W2104479126","https://openalex.org/W2107525898","https://openalex.org/W2108328107","https://openalex.org/W2109200236","https://openalex.org/W2110591696","https://openalex.org/W2113937139","https://openalex.org/W2116007667","https://openalex.org/W2117370000","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2120350243","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2140793580","https://openalex.org/W2142440858","https://openalex.org/W2145803225","https://openalex.org/W2146162420","https://openalex.org/W2147537684","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2157284958","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2158008371","https://openalex.org/W2158479016","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2160072137","https://openalex.org/W2160192891","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163387321","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963542991","https://openalex.org/W4294375521","https://openalex.org/W6603374121","https://openalex.org/W6606142663","https://openalex.org/W6617363222","https://openalex.org/W6629368666","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6648737282","https://openalex.org/W6674839300","https://openalex.org/W6674914833","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162899405","https://openalex.org/W3113091479","https://openalex.org/W941090075","https://openalex.org/W2044987316","https://openalex.org/W3134374554","https://openalex.org/W2237480245","https://openalex.org/W2519167559","https://openalex.org/W2075065631","https://openalex.org/W4288358396","https://openalex.org/W2969228573"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,41,116],"develop":[1],"an":[2,57],"approach":[3,150],"for":[4,78,84,104],"the":[5,52,119,131,156,175,202,207,211],"detection":[6,120,152],"of":[7,9,26,54,56,60,67,112,130,147,153,199,210],"ruins":[8],"livestock":[10],"enclosures":[11,81,154],"(LEs)":[12],"in":[13,32,38,155],"alpine":[14],"areas":[15],"captured":[16],"by":[17,45,125,181],"high-resolution":[18],"remotely":[19],"sensed":[20],"images.":[21],"These":[22],"structures":[23,106],"are":[24],"usually":[25],"approximately":[27],"rectangular":[28,68],"shape":[29],"and":[30,133,143],"appear":[31],"images":[33],"as":[34],"faint":[35],"fragmented":[36,90],"contours":[37],"complex":[39],"background.":[40],"address":[42],"this":[43],"problem":[44],"introducing":[46],"a":[47,65,94,101,113,127,138,144,195],"rectangularity":[48,71,132],"feature":[49,72],"that":[50,159,178],"quantifies":[51],"degree":[53],"alignment":[55],"optimal":[58],"subset":[59],"extracted":[61],"linear":[62,128],"segments":[63],"with":[64,87,107],"contour":[66],"shape.":[69],"The":[70,188],"has":[73,100],"high":[74],"values":[75],"not":[76],"only":[77],"perfectly":[79],"regular":[80],"but":[82],"also":[83],"ruined":[85],"ones":[86],"distorted":[88],"angles,":[89],"walls,":[91],"or":[92],"even":[93],"completely":[95],"missing":[96],"wall.":[97],"Furthermore,":[98],"it":[99],"zero":[102],"value":[103],"spurious":[105],"less":[108],"than":[109],"three":[110],"sides":[111],"perceivable":[114],"rectangle.":[115],"show":[117],"how":[118],"performance":[121,165],"can":[122],"be":[123],"improved":[124],"learning":[126],"combination":[129],"size":[134],"features":[135,177,217],"from":[136,194],"just":[137],"few":[139],"available":[140],"representative":[141],"examples":[142],"large":[145],"number":[146],"negatives.":[148],"Our":[149],"allowed":[151],"Silvretta":[157],"Alps":[158],"were":[160,179],"previously":[161],"unknown.":[162],"A":[163],"comparative":[164],"analysis":[166],"is":[167],"provided.":[168],"Among":[169],"other":[170],"features,":[171,191],"our":[172,214],"comparison":[173],"includes":[174],"state-of-the-art":[176],"generated":[180],"pretrained":[182],"deep":[183,189],"convolutional":[184],"neural":[185],"networks":[186],"(CNNs).":[187],"CNN":[190],"although":[192],"learned":[193],"very":[196],"different":[197],"type":[198],"images,":[200],"provided":[201],"basic":[203],"ability":[204],"to":[205],"capture":[206],"visual":[208],"concept":[209],"LEs.":[212],"However,":[213],"handcrafted":[215],"rectangularity-size":[216],"showed":[218],"considerably":[219],"higher":[220],"performance.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
